-- CCCCCCCCCC llllllllll 3333333333
-- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC llllllllll 333333333333333333
-- CCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCC llllllllll 3333333333 333333
-- CCCCC CCC llllllllll 333 ## 33333
-- CCCCCC llllllllll # 33333
-- CCCCC llllllllll 33333
-- CCCCC llllllllll / @ 333333
-- CCCCC llllllllll /| + 33333
-- CCCCC lllllllllll \| + 33333
-- CCCCC lllllllllllll \ @ 333333
-- CCCCC lllllll lllllll 33333
-- CCCCCC lllllll lllllll # 33333
-- CCCCC CCC lllllll lllllll 333 ## 33333
-- CCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCC lllllll lllllll 3333333333 333333
-- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC lllllll lllllll 333333333333333333
-- CCCCCCCCCC lllllll lllllll 3333333333
Cl3 is a Haskell Library implementing standard functions for the Algebra of Physical Space Cl(3,0)
The goal of the Cl3 library is to provide a specialized, safe, high performance, Algebra of Physical Space implementation. This library is suitable for physics simulations. The library integrates into Haskell's standard prelude and has few dependencies. The library uses a ADT data type to specialize to specific graded elements in the Algebra of Physical Space.
The constructors are specialized to single and double grade combinations and the general case of APS. Using the specialized constructors helps the compiler to compile to code similar to that you would hand write. The constructors follow the following conventions for basis.
scalar = R e0
vector = V3 e1 e2 e3
bivector = BV e23 e31 e12
trivectorPseudoScalar = I e123
paravector = PV e0 e1 e2 e3
quarternion = H e0 e23 e31 e12
complex = C e0 e123
biparavector = BPV e1 e2 e3 e23 e31 e12
oddparavector = ODD e1 e2 e3 e123
triparavector = TPV e23 e31 e12 e123
aps = APS e0 e1 e2 e3 e23 e31 e12 e123
In MATLAB or Octave one can write: sqrt(-25)
and get 5.0i
In standard Haskell sqrt (-25)
will produce NaN
But using the Cl3 library sqrt (-25) :: Cl3
will produce I 5.0
, and likewise (I 5.0)^2
will produce R (-25)
If the unit imaginary is defined as i = I 1
, expressions very similar to MATLAB can be formed 1.2 + 2.3*i
will produce C 1.2 2.3
Vector addition is also natural, two arbitrary vectors v1 = V3 a1 a2 a3
and v2 = V3 b1 b2 b3
can be added v1 + v2
and scaled 2*(v1+v2)
The dot product (inner product) of two arbitrary vectors is toR $ v1 * v2
, that is the scalar part of the geometric product of two vectors.
The cross product is the Hodge Dual of the wedge product (outer product) -i * toBV (v1*v2)
The multiplication of two unit vectors is related to the rotor rotating from u_from
to u_to
like so rot = sqrt $ u_to * u_from
Any arbitrary vector can be rotated by a rotor with the equation of v' = rot * v * dag rot
Rotors can also be formed with an axis unit vector u
and real scalar angle theta
in units of radians, it produces the versor (unit quaternion) rot = exp $ (-i/2) * theta * u
For special relativity with the velocity vector v
and speed of light scalar c
:
- Beta is
beta = v / c
- Rapidity is
rapidity = atanh beta
- Gamma is
gamma = cosh rapidity
- Composition of velocities is simply adding the two rapidities and converting back to velocity
- Proper Velocity is
w = c * sinh rapidity
orw = gamma * v
- Four Velocity is a paravector
u = exp rapidity
where the real scalar part isgamma * c
and the vector part isw / c
- The Boost is
boost = exp $ rapidity / 2
Where e0 is the scalar basis frequently refered to as "1", in other texts.
e1, e2, and e3 are the vector basis of 3 orthonormal vectors.
e23, e31, and e12 are the bivector basis, these are formed by the outer product of two vector basis. For instance in the case of e23, the outer product, or wedge product, is e2 /\ e3, but because this can be simplified to the geometric product of e2 * e3 because the scalar part is zero for orthoginal vector basis'. The geometric product of the two basis vectors is further shortened for brevity to e23.
e123 is the trivector basis, and is formed by the wedge product of e1 /\ e2 /\ e3, and likewise shortened to e123
The basis vectors multiply with the following multiplication table:
Mult | e0 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e23 | e31 | e12 | e123 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e0 | e0 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e23 | e31 | e12 | e123 |
e1 | e1 | e0 | e12 | -e31 | e123 | -e3 | e2 | e23 |
e2 | e2 | -e12 | e0 | e23 | e3 | e123 | -e1 | e31 |
e3 | e3 | e31 | -e23 | e0 | -e2 | e1 | e123 | e12 |
e23 | e23 | e123 | -e3 | e2 | -e0 | -e12 | e31 | -e1 |
e31 | e31 | e3 | e123 | -e1 | e12 | -e0 | -e23 | -e2 |
e12 | e12 | -e2 | e1 | e123 | -e31 | e23 | -e0 | -e3 |
e123 | e123 | e23 | e31 | e12 | -e1 | -e2 | -e3 | -e0 |
The grade specialized type constructors multiply with the following multiplication table:
Mult | R | V3 | BV | I | PV | H | C | BPV | ODD | TPV | APS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | R | V3 | BV | I | PV | H | C | BPV | ODD | TPV | APS |
V3 | V3 | H | ODD | BV | APS | ODD | BPV | APS | ODD | APS | APS |
BV | BV | ODD | H | V3 | APS | H | BPV | APS | ODD | APS | APS |
I | I | BV | V3 | R | TPV | ODD | C | BPV | H | PV | APS |
PV | PV | APS | APS | TPV | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS |
H | H | ODD | H | ODD | APS | H | APS | APS | ODD | APS | APS |
C | C | BPV | BPV | C | APS | APS | C | BPV | APS | APS | APS |
BPV | BPV | APS | ODD | BPV | APS | APS | BPV | APS | APS | APS | APS |
ODD | ODD | ODD | TPV | H | APS | ODD | APS | APS | H | APS | APS |
TPV | TPV | APS | APS | PV | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS |
APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS | APS |
A benchmark has been developed based on the Haskell entry for the N-Body Benchmark in the The Computer Language Benchmarks Game with some modifications to run with Criterion. On my machine the current fastest implementation completes 50M steps with a mean time of 13.35 seconds. The benchmark uses a hand rolled implementation of vector math. The Cl3 implementation completes 50M steps with a mean time of 15.73 seconds. This 2.38 second difference amounts to a 23.8 ns difference in the inner loop.
The design space for Clifford Algebra libraries was explored quite a bit before the development of this library. Initially the isomorphism of APS with 2x2 Complex Matrices was used, this had the draw back that multiplying the scalar 2 * 2 would incur all of the computational cost of multiplying two 2x2 complex matrices.
Then the design was changed to lists that contained the basis' values, but lists are computationally slow and do not produce well optimized code.
Then a single constructor data type for APS was developed, but this had all of the drawbacks of 2x2 complex matrices.
The specialized ADT Constructor version of the library was developed and it showed that it had some promise.
More of the design space was explored, a version of the Cl3 library was developed using Multi-parameter Type Classes and Functional Dependencies, this didn't appear to have much gained over the specialized ADT Syntax interface and it didn't use the standard Prelude classes like Num, Float, etc. It was also difficult for me to figure out how to code a reduce
function.
So the specialized ADT Constructor design of the Cl3 library was finished and released.
Cl3 is meant to be a Linear killer based on Geometric Algebra. The linear package consists of many different types that are not easily combinable using the Num Class, and require many specialized functions each to multiply a different combination of types.
The clifford package uses the Numeric Prelude, for a Clifford Algebra of arbitrary signature that stores multivector blades in a list data structure.
The clif is for symbolic computing using symbolic and numeric computations with finite and infinite-dimensional Clifford algebras arising from arbitrary bilinear forms. The libraries representation of a Cliffor also makes use of lists.