webpack-howto

Goal of this guide

This is a cookbook of how to get things done with webpack. This includes most things we use at Instagram and nothing we don't use.

My advice: start with this as your webpack docs, then look at the official docs for clarification.

Prerequisites

You know browserify, RequireJS or something similar
You see the value in:
- Bundle splitting
- Async loading
- Packaging static assets like images and CSS

1. Why webpack?

It's like browserify but can split your app into multiple files. If you have multiple pages in a single-page app, the user only downloads code for just that page. If they go to another page, they don't redownload common code.
It often replaces grunt or gulp because it can build and bundle CSS, preprocessed CSS, compile-to-JS languages and images, among other things.

It supports AMD and CommonJS, among other module systems (Angular, ES6). If you don't know what to use, use CommonJS.

2. Webpack for Browserify people

These are equivalent:

browserify main.js > bundle.js

webpack main.js bundle.js

However, webpack is more powerful than Browserify, so you generally want to make a webpack.config.js to keep things organized:

// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  entry: './main.js',
  output: {
    filename: 'bundle.js'       
  }
};

This is just JS, so feel free to put Real Code in there.

3. How to invoke webpack

Switch to the directory containing webpack.config.js and run:

webpack for building once for development
webpack -p for building once for production (minification)
webpack --watch for continuous incremental build in development (fast!)
webpack -d to include source maps

4. Compile-to-JS languages

webpack's equivalent of browserify transforms and RequireJS plugins is a loader. Here's how you can teach webpack to load CoffeeScript and Facebook JSX+ES6 support (you must npm install jsx-loader coffee-loader):

// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  entry: './main.js',
  output: {
    filename: 'bundle.js'       
  },
  module: {
    loaders: [
      { test: /\.coffee$/, loader: 'coffee-loader' },
      { test: /\.js$/, loader: 'jsx-loader?harmony' } // loaders can take parameters as a querystring
    ]
  }
};

To enable requiring files without specifying the extension, you must add a resolve.extensions parameter specifying which files webpack searches for:

// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  entry: './main.js',
  output: {
    filename: 'bundle.js'       
  },
  module: {
    loaders: [
      { test: /\.coffee$/, loader: 'coffee-loader' },
      { test: /\.js$/, loader: 'jsx-loader?harmony' } // loaders can take parameters as a querystring
    ]
  },
  resolve: {
    // you can now require('file') instead of require('file.coffee')
    extensions: ['', '.js', '.json', '.coffee'] 
  }
};

5. Stylesheets and images

First update your code to require() your static assets (named as they would with node's require()):

require('./bootstrap.css');
require('./myapp.less');

var img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = require('./glyph.png');

When you require CSS (or less, etc), webpack inlines the CSS as a string inside the JS bundle and require() will insert a <style> tag into the page. When you require images, webpack inlines a URL to the image into the bundle and returns it from require().

But you need to teach webpack to do this (again, with loaders):

// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  entry: './main.js',
  output: {
    path: './build', // This is where images AND js will go
    publicPath: 'http://mycdn.com/', // This is used to generate URLs to e.g. images
    filename: 'bundle.js'
  },
  module: {
    loaders: [
      { test: /\.less$/, loader: 'style-loader!css-loader!less-loader' }, // use ! to chain loaders
      { test: /\.css$/, loader: 'style-loader!css-loader' },
      {test: /\.(png|jpg)$/, loader: 'url-loader?limit=8192'} // inline base64 URLs for <=8k images, direct URLs for the rest
    ]
  }
};

6. Feature flags

We have code we want to gate only to our dev environments (like logging) and our internal dogfooding servers (like unreleased features we're testing with employees). In your code, refer to magic globals:

if (__DEV__) {
  console.warn('Extra logging');
}
// ...
if (__PRERELEASE__) {
  showSecretFeature();
}

Then teach webpack those magic globals:

// webpack.config.js

// definePlugin takes raw strings and inserts them, so you can put strings of JS if you want.
var definePlugin = new webpack.DefinePlugin({
  __DEV__: JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(process.env.BUILD_DEV || 'true')),
  __PRERELEASE__: JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(process.env.BUILD_PRERELEASE || 'false'))
});

module.exports = {
  entry: './main.js',
  output: {
    filename: 'bundle.js'       
  },
  plugins: [definePlugin]
};

Then you can build with BUILD_DEV=1 BUILD_PRERELEASE=1 webpack from the console. Note that since webpack -p runs uglify dead-code elimination, anything wrapped in one of these blocks will be stripped out, so you won't leak secret features or strings.

7. Multiple entrypoints

Let's say you have a profile page and a feed page. You don't want to make the user download the code for the feed if they just want the profile. So make multiple bundles: create one "main module" (called an entrypoint) per page:

// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
  entry: {
    Profile: './profile.js',
    Feed: './feed.js'
  },
  output: {
    path: 'build',
    filename: '[name].js' // Template based on keys in entry above
  }
};

For profile, insert <script src="build/Profile.js"></script> into your page. Do a similar thing for feed.

8. Optimizing common code

Feed and Profile share a lot in common (like React and the common stylesheets and components). webpack can figure out what they have in common and make a shared bundle that can be cached between pages:

// webpack.config.js

var webpack = require('webpack');

var commonsPlugin =
  new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin('common.js');

module.exports = {
  entry: {
    Profile: './profile.js',
    Feed: './feed.js'
  },
  output: {
    path: 'build',
    filename: '[name].js' // Template based on keys in entry above
  },
  plugins: [commonsPlugin]
};

Add <script src="build/common.js"></script> before the script tag you added in the previous step and enjoy the free caching.

9. Async loading

CommonJS is synchronous but webpack provides a way to asynchronously specify dependencies. This is useful for client-side routers, where you want the router on every page, but you don't want to have to download features until you actually need them.

Specify the split point where you want to load asynchronously. For example:

if (window.location.pathname === '/feed') {
  showLoadingState();
  require.ensure([], function() { // this syntax is weird but it works
    hideLoadingState();
    require('./feed').show(); // when this function is called, the module is guaranteed to be synchronously available.
  });
} else if (window.location.pathname === '/profile') {
  showLoadingState();
  require.ensure([], function() {
    hideLoadingState();
    require('./profile').show();
  });
}

webpack will do the rest and generate extra chunk files and load them for you.

webpack will assume that those files are in your root directory when you load then into a html script tag for example. You can use output.publicPath to configure that.

// webpack.config.js
output: {
    path: "/home/proj/public/assets", //path to where webpack will build your stuff
    publicPath: "/assets/" //path that will be considered when requiring your files
}

Additional resources

Take a look at a real world example on how a successful team is leveraging webpack: http://youtu.be/VkTCL6Nqm6Y This is Pete Hunt as OSCon talking about webpack at Instagram.com

FAQ

webpack doesn't seem modular

webpack is extremely modular. What makes webpack great is that it lets plugins inject themselves into more places in the build process when compared to alternatives like browserify and requirejs. Many things that may seem built into the core are just plugins that are loaded by default and can be overridden (i.e. the CommonJS require() parser).

gurusubramaniam/webpack-howto