img

Standalone, daemon-less, unprivileged Dockerfile and OCI compatible container image builder.

img is more cache-efficient than Docker and can also execute multiple build stages concurrently, as it internally uses BuildKit's DAG solver.

The commands/UX are the same as docker {build,push,pull,login} so all you have to do is replace docker with img in your scripts, command line, and/or life.

Goals

This a glorified cli tool built on top of buildkit. The goal of this project is to be able to build container images as an unprivileged user.

Running unprivileged allows companies who use LDAP and other login mechanisms to use img without needing root. This is very important in HPC environments and academia as well.

Currently this works out of the box on a Linux machine if you install via the directions covered in installing from binaries. This installation will ensure you have the correct version of img and also runc.

The ultimate goal is to also have this work inside a container. There are patches being made to container runtimes and Kubernetes to make this possible. For the on-going work toward getting patches into container runtimes and Kubernetes, see:

The patches for runc has been merged into the upstream since ecd55a4135e0a26de884ce436442914f945b1e76 (May 30, 2018). The upstream BuildKit can also run in rootless mode since 65b526438b86a17cf35042011051ce15c8bfb92a (June 1, 2018).

You might also be interested in reading:

Table of Contents

Installation
Usage
How it Works
Contributing
Acknowledgements
Prior Art

Installation

You need to have newuidmap installed. On Ubuntu, newuidmap is provided by the uidmap package. runc will be installed on start from an embedded binary if it is not already available locally.

NOTE: These steps work only for Linux. Compile and run in a container (explained below) if you're on Windows or MacOS.

Binaries

linux amd64

# Install latest img binary
$ sudo curl -L https://github.com/genuinetools/img/releases/download/v0.4.1/img-linux-amd64 -o /usr/local/bin/img
# Verify the sha256sum
$ export SHASUM=$(curl -L https://github.com/genuinetools/img/releases/download/v0.4.1/img-linux-amd64.sha256 | awk '{ print $1 }')
$ if [ "$SHASUM" != "$(shasum -a 256 /usr/local/bin/img | awk '{ print $1 }')" ]; then echo "sha256sum mismatch!"; fi
$ sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/img
$ echo "img installed!"

Via Go

$ go get github.com/genuinetools/img

From Source

$ mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/genuinetools
$ git clone https://github.com/genuinetools/img $GOPATH/src/github.com/genuinetools/img
$ cd !$
$ make
$ sudo make install

Arch Linux

There is an AUR build.

sudo pacman -S img

Gentoo

There is an ebuild.

$ sudo emerge -a app-emulation/img

Running with Docker

$ docker run --rm -it \
    --name img \
    --volume $(pwd):/home/user/src:ro \ # for the build context and dockerfile, can be read-only since we won't modify it
    --workdir /home/user/src \ # set the builder working directory
    --volume "${HOME}/.docker:/root/.docker:ro" \ # for credentials to push to docker hub or a registry
    --cap-add SETGID \  # so we can set groups
    --cap-add SETUID \  # so we can map users in a user namespace
    --security-opt apparmor=unconfined \ # turn off apparmor so we can mount unprivileged
    --security-opt seccomp=unconfined \ # turn off seccomp because it blocks new user namespaces
    r.j3ss.co/img build -t user/myimage .

Usage

$ img -h
Usage: img <command>

Commands:

  build    Build an image from a Dockerfile.
  du       Show image disk usage.
  ls       List images and digests.
  login    Log in to a Docker registry.
  pull     Pull an image or a repository from a registry.
  push     Push an image or a repository to a registry.
  rm       Remove one or more images.
  save     Save an image to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default).
  tag      Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE.
  version  Show the version information.

Build an Image

$ img build -h
Usage: img build [OPTIONS] PATH

Build an image from a Dockerfile.

Flags:

  -backend    backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -build-arg  Set build-time variables (default: [])
  -d          enable debug logging (default: false)
  -f          Name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile') (default: <none>)
  -state      directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)
  -t          Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format (default: <none>)
  -target     Set the target build stage to build (default: <none>)

Use just like you would docker build.

$ img build -t jess/img .
Building jess/img
Setting up the rootfs... this may take a bit.
RUN [/bin/sh -c apk add --no-cache      ca-certificates]
--->
fetch http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.7/main/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
fetch http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.7/community/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
OK: 5 MiB in 12 packages
<--- 5e433zdbh8eosea0u9b70axb3 0 <nil>
RUN [copy /src-0 /dest/go/src/github.com/genuinetools/img]
--->
<--- rqku3imaivvjpgl676se1gupc 0 <nil>
RUN [/bin/sh -c set -x  && apk add --no-cache --virtual .build-deps             bash            git             gcc             libc-dev      libgcc           libseccomp-dev          linux-headers           make    && cd /go/src/github.com/genuinetools/img   && make static  && mv img /usr/bin/img         && mkdir -p /go/src/github.com/opencontainers   && git clone https://github.com/opencontainers/runc /go/src/github.com/opencontainers/runc     && cd /go/src/github.com/opencontainers/runc    && make static BUILDTAGS="seccomp" EXTRA_FLAGS="-buildmode pie" EXTRA_LDFLAGS="-extldflags \\\"-fno-PIC -static\\\""   && mv runc /usr/bin/runc        && apk del .build-deps  && rm -rf /go   && echo "Build complete."]
--->
+ apk add --no-cache --virtual .build-deps bash git gcc libc-dev libgcc libseccomp-dev linux-headers make
fetch http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.7/main/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
fetch http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.7/community/x86_64/APKINDEX.tar.gz
(1/28) Installing pkgconf (1.3.10-r0)
(2/28) Installing ncurses-terminfo-base (6.0_p20171125-r0)
(3/28) Installing ncurses-terminfo (6.0_p20171125-r0)
(4/28) Installing ncurses-libs (6.0_p20171125-r0)
(5/28) Installing readline (7.0.003-r0)
(6/28) Installing bash (4.4.19-r1)
....
....
RUN [copy /src-0/certs /dest/etc/ssl/certs]
--->
<--- 6ljir2x800w6deqlradhw0dy2 0 <nil>
Successfully built jess/img

List Image Layers

$ img ls -h
Usage: img ls [OPTIONS]

List images and digests.

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -f        Filter output based on conditions provided (default: [])
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img ls
NAME                    SIZE            CREATED AT      UPDATED AT      DIGEST
jess/img:latest         1.534KiB        9 seconds ago   9 seconds ago   sha256:27d862ac32022946d61afbb91ddfc6a1fa2341a78a0da11ff9595a85f651d51e
jess/thing:latest       591B            30 minutes ago  30 minutes ago  sha256:d664b4e9b9cd8b3067e122ef68180e95dd4494fd4cb01d05632b6e77ce19118e

Pull an Image

If you need to use self-signed certs with your registry, see Using Self-Signed Certs with a Registry.

$ img pull -h
Usage: img pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST]

Pull an image or a repository from a registry.

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img pull r.j3ss.co/stress
Pulling r.j3ss.co/stress:latest...
Snapshot ref: sha256:2bb7a0a5f074ffe898b1ef64b3761e7f5062c3bdfe9947960e6db48a998ae1d6
Size: 365.9KiB

Push an Image

If you need to use self-signed certs with your registry, see Using Self-Signed Certs with a Registry.

$ img push -h
Usage: img push [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG]

Push an image or a repository to a registry.

Flags:

  -backend            backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d                  enable debug logging (default: false)
  -insecure-registry  Push to insecure registry (default: false)
  -state              directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img push jess/thing
Pushing jess/thing:latest...
Successfully pushed jess/thing:latest

Tag an Image

$ img tag -h
Usage: img tag SOURCE_IMAGE[:TAG] TARGET_IMAGE[:TAG]

Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE.

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img tag jess/thing jess/otherthing
Successfully tagged jess/thing as jess/otherthing

Export an Image to Docker

$ img save -h
Usage: img save [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]

Save an image to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default).

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -o        Write to a file, instead of STDOUT (default: <none>)
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img save jess/thing | docker load
6c3d70c8619c: Loading layer [==================================================>]  9.927MB/9.927MB                                      
7e336c441b5e: Loading layer [==================================================>]  5.287MB/5.287MB                                      
533fecff21a8: Loading layer [==================================================>]   2.56MB/2.56MB                                       
3db7019eac28: Loading layer [==================================================>]  1.679kB/1.679kB                                      
Loaded image: jess/thing

Remove an Image

Usage: img rm [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]

Remove one or more images.

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

Disk Usage

$ img du -h
Usage: img du [OPTIONS]

Show image disk usage.

Flags:

  -backend  backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d        enable debug logging (default: false)
  -f        Filter output based on conditions provided (snapshot ID supported) (default: <none>)
  -state    directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)

$ img du 
ID                                                                      RECLAIMABLE     SIZE            DESCRIPTION
sha256:d9a48086f223d28a838263a6c04705c8009fab1dd67cc82c0ee821545de3bf7c true            911.8KiB        pulled from docker.io/tonistiigi/copy@sha256:476e0a67a1e4650c6adaf213269a2913deb7c52cbc77f954026f769d51e1a14e
7ia86xm2e4hzn2u947iqh9ph2                                               true            203.2MiB        mount /dest from exec copy /src-0 /dest/go/src/github.com/genuinetools/img
...
sha256:9f131fba0383a6aaf25ecd78bd5f37003e41a4385d7f38c3b0cde352ad7676da true            958.6KiB        pulled from docker.io/library/golang:alpine@sha256:a0045fbb52a7ef318937e84cf7ad3301b4d2ba6cecc2d01804f428a1e39d1dfc
sha256:c4151b5a5de5b7e272b2b6a3a4518c980d6e7f580f39c85370330a1bff5821f1 true            472.3KiB        pulled from docker.io/tonistiigi/copy@sha256:476e0a67a1e4650c6adaf213269a2913deb7c52cbc77f954026f769d51e1a14e
sha256:ae4ecac23119cc920f9e44847334815d32bdf82f6678069d8a8be103c1ee2891 true            148.9MiB        pulled from docker.io/library/debian:buster@sha256:a7789365b226786a0cb9e0f142c515f9f2ede7164a6f6be4a1dc4bfe19d5ec9c
bkrjrzv3nvp7lvzd5cw9vzut7*                                              true            4.879KiB        local source for dockerfile
sha256:db193011cbfc238d622d65c4099750758df83d74571e8d7498392b17df381207 true            467.2MiB        pulled from docker.io/library/golang:alpine@sha256:a0045fbb52a7ef318937e84cf7ad3301b4d2ba6cecc2d01804f428a1e39d1dfc
wn4m5i5swdcjvt1ud5bvtr75h*                                              true            4.204KiB        local source for dockerfile
Reclaimable:    1.08GiB
Total:          1.08GiB

Login to a Registry

If you need to use self-signed certs with your registry, see Using Self-Signed Certs with a Registry.

$ img login -h
Usage: img login [OPTIONS] [SERVER]

Log in to a Docker registry.
If no server is specified, the default (https://index.docker.io/v1/) is used.

Flags:

  -backend         backend for snapshots ([auto native overlayfs]) (default: auto)
  -d               enable debug logging (default: false)
  -p               Password (default: <none>)
  -password-stdin  Take the password from stdin (default: false)
  -state           directory to hold the global state (default: /tmp/img)
  -u               Username (default: <none>)

Using Self-Signed Certs with a Registry

We do not allow users to pass all the custom certificate flags on commands because it is unnecessarily messy and can be handled through Linux itself. Which we believe is a better user experience than having to pass three different flags just to communicate with a registry using self-signed or private certificates.

Below are instructions on adding a self-signed or private certificate to your trusted ca-certificates on Linux.

Make sure you have the package ca-certificates installed.

Copy the public half of your CA certificate (the one user to sign the CSR) into the CA certificate directory (as root):

$ cp cacert.pem /usr/share/ca-certificates

Rebuild the directory with your certificate included, run as root:

# On debian, this will bring up a menu.
# Select the ask option, scroll to the certificate you are adding,
# 	mark it for inclusion, and select ok.
$ dpkg-reconfigure ca-certificates

# On other distros...
$ update-ca-certificates

How It Works

Unprivileged Mounting

To mount a filesystem without root accsess, img automatically invokes newuidmap(1)/newgidmap(1) SUID binaries to prepare SUBUIDs/SUBGIDs, which is typically required by apt.

Make sure you have sufficient entries (typically >=65536) in your /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid.

High Level

Low Level

Snapshotter Backends

auto (default)

The auto backend is resolved into either native or overlayfs, depending on the availability of overlayfs on the system.

native

The native backends creates image layers by simply copying files. copy_file_range(2) is used when available.

overlayfs

You can also use overlayfs backend, but that requires a kernel patch from Ubuntu to be unprivileged, see #22.

Contributing

Please do! This is a new project and can use some love <3. Check out the issues.

The local directories are mostly re-implementations of buildkit interfaces to be unprivileged.

Acknowledgements

A lot of this is based on the work of moby/buildkit. Thanks @tonistiigi and @AkihiroSuda!

hardentoo/img

img

Goals

Installation

Binaries

Via Go

From Source

Arch Linux

Gentoo

Running with Docker

Usage

Build an Image

List Image Layers

Pull an Image

Push an Image

Tag an Image

Export an Image to Docker

Remove an Image

Disk Usage

Login to a Registry

Using Self-Signed Certs with a Registry

How It Works

Unprivileged Mounting

High Level

Low Level

Snapshotter Backends

auto (default)

native

overlayfs

Contributing

Acknowledgements