Welcome to this fun and interactive readme that introduces you to the exciting world of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) using Python! 🎉
At its core, OOP is a programming paradigm that allows us to model real-world entities and concepts as objects. Each object has attributes (data) and behaviors (methods), making it a fantastic way to organize and manage our code.
Class: Think of a class as a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the attributes and methods that objects of that class will have.
Object: An object is a specific instance created from a class. It represents a real-world entity and can perform actions defined by the class's methods.
When an object is created, Python calls a special method called the constructor or initializer automatically. It is used to set up the object's initial state. The first parameter of a constructor and other instance methods is called self, which refers to the instance of the object being accessed.
Class Variables: These are shared by all instances of the class and are defined within the class itself. They keep track of information common to all objects of that class.
Instance Variables: Each object has its own unique set of instance variables. They are specific to that object and can be different from one object to another.
Class Methods: These methods are bound to the class and can access and modify class-level variables. They are defined using the @classmethod decorator.
Instance Methods: These methods are bound to the instances of the class and can access and modify instance-specific variables. They have self as the first parameter.
Static Methods: These methods are not bound to the class or its instances. They are defined using the @staticmethod decorator and do not have access to class or instance variables.
Inheritance is like passing on traits from parents to children. In OOP, it allows a class (subclass) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (superclass).
- Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from a single superclass.
The super() function allows you to call a method from the superclass, enabling more straightforward and organized inheritance.
MRO is the order in which Python searches for methods in a class hierarchy. It ensures that the correct method is called when using inheritance.
Polymorphism means the ability of different objects to be treated as objects of a shared interface. In Python, we have various ways to achieve polymorphism:
Duck Typing: If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck. This concept allows different objects to be used interchangeably based on their behavior, not their class.
Overloading: It enables a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameter types or numbers.
Overriding: When a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method already defined in its superclass.
Encapsulation is about packaging data and methods together, and controlling access to that data and methods. It helps prevent unauthorized access and manipulation of data.
Setter and Getter methods are used to set and get the values of private attributes, respectively. It allows controlled access to instance variables.
Python provides the property() function, which allows you to define special getter, setter, and deleter methods for attributes.
Abstraction is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object and exposing only the relevant functionalities. It allows us to work with high-level concepts without worrying about the underlying complexities.
An abstract class is a blueprint for other classes, and it cannot be instantiated itself. It contains abstract methods that must be implemented in its subclasses.
An interface is a way to define a contract that a class must adhere to, specifying the methods that the class should implement.
In addition to this readme, I have included some files with programming questions related to OOPs. These questions will help you practice and reinforce your understanding of the concepts covered here. Feel free to explore the files and attempt the questions to solidify your knowledge.
You've just embarked on a fascinating journey into the world of Object-Oriented Programming with Python! Armed with these concepts and the provided programming questions, you can create robust and scalable applications while organizing your code in a clear and efficient manner.
Happy coding! 😄🎓