Divergence-free Spectral Representation (DFSR) method is an inflow/inlet turbulence generation method developed for large-eddy simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL) flows. The technique uses the spectral representation method to generate ABL-like turbulence with prescribed two-point flow statistics. The code is developed as a utility application using OpenFOAM's framework. DFSR offers the following key features:
- Capable of running on unstructured meshes
- Uses LAPACK subroutine for efficient matrix factorization
- Employes the FFT technique for faster time-series computation
- Parallel implementation using OpenMPI
In this version of the code, the divergence-free condition is imposed on the generated turbulence by adding a gradient of a velocity potential, following the procedure developed by Shirani et al.(1981)(similar to approach used in the paper). The final velocity field is written for each time step in the corresponding case directory. Mathematical details of the implemented procedure can be found in Melaku and Bitsuamlak(2021). If you find this work useful in your research and use the DFSR method or parts of it in your work, please do not forget to cite the paper.
Before compiling the source code, you need to have the following packages already installed.
- OpenFOAM, preferably v8
- Intel's oneAPI MKL package or LAPACK library
- Fastest Fourier Transform in the West(FFTW) package
Follow the following procedure to compile the source code.
-
Clone the code to your computer:
$ git clone https://github.com/abiyfantaye/DFSR.git DFSR -
Copy the
DFSR/src/DFSRTurbdirectory to$FOAM_UTILITIES/preProcessing/:$ cp -r DFSR/src/DFSRTurb $FOAM_UTILITIES/preProcessing/ -
Compile the code in
$FOAM_UTILITIES/preProcessing/DFSRTurbdirectory:$ cd $FOAM_UTILITIES/preProcessing/DFSRTurb
$ ./Allwclean
$ ./Allwmake
The turbulence generator is now fully embedded in OpenFOAM and can be launched as DFSRTurb in serial or parallel. If you have trouble installing this application, please drop an email to amelaku@uwo.ca .
Directory tree of example/openTerrain:
├── 0
│ ├── nut
│ ├── p
│ └── U
├── constant
│ ├── boundaryData
│ │ └── windProfile
│ │ ├── profile
│ │ └── sampledData
│ │ ├── samplingPoints
│ │ └── vtkSlices
│ ├── DFSRTurbDict
│ ├── transportProperties
│ └── turbulenceProperties
├── setUp
└── system
├── blockMeshDict
├── controlDict
├── decomposeParDict
├── fvSchemes
├── fvSolution
├── probes1
└── probes2The directory example/openTerrain contains an empty domain LES case configured for open terrain conditions. The basic parameters for the DFSR method are defined in constant/DFSRTurbDict. The method reads the ABL profile from constant/boundaryData/windProfile/profile file. This file specifies the variation of the mean velocity, turbulence intensities, and length scales over the height in the following tabular format:
| z[m] | Uav[m/s] | Iu | Iv | Iw | Lu [m] | Lv[m] | Lw[m] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.02 | 14.56 | 0.160 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.750 | 0.500 | 0.300 |
| ..... | ....... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... |
| ..... | ....... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... | ..... |
The parameters that need to be defined in constant/DFSRTurbDict dictionary are:
| Parameter | Description | Optional | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
patchName |
Name of the patch to apply the inflow | no | -- |
startTime |
Starting time of the generated turbulence | yes | 0.0 |
endTime |
Ending time of the generated turbulence | no | -- |
timeStep |
Time step of the inflow, can be different from the solver time step. It should be 1/(2*fMax) to take advantage of the FFT algorithm. |
no | -- |
fMax |
The cut-off frequency | no | -- |
nFreq |
The number of frequency steps/segments | no | 1024 |
nInterp |
Number of spectral interpolation frequencies | no | 50 |
seed |
Seed of the random number generator used to sample random phase angles. | yes | -- |
C |
Coherency decay coefficients. | no | -- |
cohUav |
Mean velocity used to define the coherency function | yes | -- |
scaleI |
A factor to scale turbulence intensity profiles in each direction to account for the decay of turbulence downstream in the CFD simulation. | yes | (1 1 1) |
scaleL |
A factor to scale integral length scale profiles in each direction. | yes | (1 1 1) |
correctDivergence |
Apply div-free corrections or not | yes | on |
writeSamples |
Write data for selected sampling points or not | yes | on |
writeInflow |
Write the final inflow data or not | yes | on |
Finally, if the controle writeInflow is turned on, the whole inflow data is saved in constant/boundaryData/<patchName>/ directory. This inflow data is later read by the solver with timeVaryingMappedFixedValue velocity boundary condition at the inlet. Please check the OpenFOAM test case in example/openTerrain directory for the details.
If writeSamples is turned on, the code reads sampling points from constant/boundaryData/windProfile/sampledData/samplingPoints. Then, the time-series of the generated velocity components for each point in samplingPoints are written into Ux,Uy, and Uz files in the same directory. In addition, the velocity field over the inflow patch is written to VTK slices for selected time instances in the same directory.
Follow the following procedure to run the test case in example/openTerrain directory:
-
Generate block mesh:
$ blockMesh -
Decompose the case:
$ decomposePar -
Run the DFSR inflow generator in parallel:
$ mpirun -np 4 DFSRTurb -parallel -
Check the generated samples on paraview:
$ paraview constant/boundaryData/windProfile/sampledData/vtkSlices/Ut_* -
Finally run the LES case:
$ mpirun -np 4 pisoFoam -parallel
[1] Melaku, A.F. and Bitsuamlak, G.T., 2021. A divergence-free inflow turbulence generator using spectral representation method for large-eddy simulation of ABL flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 212, p.104580.
[2] Shirani, E., Ferziger, J.H. and Reynolds, W.C., 1981. Mixing of a passive scalar in isotropic and sheared homogeneous turbulence. Mosciences Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University.