This is Daniel Holden's excellent Build Your Own LISP tutorial converted to Swift 4.2 (Xcode 10 and up).
To run Lispy as a REPL type the following from a terminal:
$ swift Lispy.swift
Now you can type all kinds of LISP-ish stuff behind the lispy> prompt. For example,
lispy> (+ 1 2 3)
will add up the values 1, 2, and 3, and produce the output 6. Yay!
You can also leave off the parentheses:
lispy> + 1 2 3
A useful command is help:
lispy> help {env}
This shows the contents of the current "environment", which lists all the available functions with a quick summary of what they do.
You can type full LISP programs into the REPL:
lispy> fun {factorial n} { if (== n 0) { 1 } { (* n (factorial (- n 1))) } }
lispy> factorial 5
120
It may be a bit easier to read across multiple lines. To indicate to the REPL that you're continuing on the next line, end each line with a semicolon:
lispy> fun {factorial n} { ;
if (== n 0) ;
{ 1 } ;
{ (* n (factorial (- n 1))) } ;
}
lispy> factorial 5
120
You can also import a source file into the REPL:
> load "test.lispy"
This evaluates all the expressions in that file, but unlike when you enter code manually it does not print the results. You have to use the print function for that.
To quit the REPL, press Ctrl+C.
To run Lispy on a source file without using the REPL, type from the terminal:
$ swift Lispy.swift test.lispy
Note: Unlike in the REPL, all the expressions in this source file must be surrounded by ( ) parentheses, otherwise the parser won't know where one expression ends and the next begins.
For more speed, you can compile Lispy.swift using the following command:
swiftc -sdk $(xcrun --show-sdk-path --sdk macosx) -O -o Lispy Lispy.swift
This is a simple LISP-like language. It is dynamically typed, meaning that variables do not have a specific datatype -- a variable is just a name that you've associated with some value. Only values have a type.
Data objects can have the following types:
- error
- integer number
- text string
- symbol
- S-Expression
- Q-Expression
- built-in function
- user-defined lambda function
A symbol is an identifier. You use these to give names to values.
Symbols may include the characters a-z A-Z 0-9, the underscore _, the arithmetic operator characters + - * /, the backslash character \, the comparison operator characters = < > !, or an ampersand &.
To give a name to a value, you use def:
lispy> def {x} 100
lispy> x
100
Or more than one variable at a time:
lispy> def {y z} 200 300
lispy> y
200
lispy> z
300
The variables are now part of the environment, which stores the mapping of names to values.
To see the contents of the current environment:
lispy> help {env}
The help function is also useful for viewing information on a specific function:
lispy> help {def}
By the way, you can create your own help documentation using the doc command:
lispy> doc {my-func} "My awesome function"
lispy> help {my-func}
def always puts the name into the global environment. Each function also has its own local environment. To put a name into that local environment, you use =.
A silly example:
lispy> def {some-func} (\ {x} { do (= {y} (+ x 1)) (help {env}) })
This defines a new lambda and gives it the name some-func. When you call it with some value, it creates a new local variable y that only exists for the duration of that function.
lispy> some-func 100
----------Environment (local)-----------
Variables:
x: Integer = 100
y: Integer = 101
----------------------------------------
lispy> y
Error: Unbound symbol 'y'
After the function finishes, the local environment is destroyed and x and y no longer exist.
def is quite powerful. A cool example:
lispy> def {arglist} {a b c}
lispy> arglist
{a b c}
lispy> def arglist 1 2 3
lispy> a
1
lispy> b
2
lispy> c
3
You can assign a name to any kind of value, even to a Q-Expression or a function. Example:
lispy> def {p} +
lispy> p 1 2
3
When you use an S-Expression, it is evaluated first and then the result is assigned to the value:
lispy> def {x} 100
lispy> def {y} (+ 1 x)
lispy> y
101
lispy> def {x} 200
lispy> y
101 did not change!
An S-Expression contains executable code. It looks like this:
(+ 1 2 3)
The ( ) parentheses are what makes this an S-Expression.
The first element should be a symbol that represents a function. When the interpreter evaluates an S-Expression, it applies that function to the rest of the elements.
Note: A big difference with traditional LISP is that these S-Expression lists are not built from cons cells but are regular dynamic arrays.
A Q-Expression is a list of data. It looks like this:
{1 2 3}
The { } braces distinguish this kind of list from an S-Expression. When a Q-Expression is evaluated nothing happens, it's just data.
In traditional LISPs, you'd use QUOTE or ' to convert an S-Expression (code) into a Q-Expression (data), but here you use { ... } braces instead.
Q-Expressions allow you to write the following:
lispy> def {x} 123
This assigns the name x to the value 123. However, if you write it without the curly braces,
lispy> def x 123
then it no longer means, "assign the value 123 to the name x" but "assign the value 123 to the name from the value of x. This might work, or it might not. It depends on whether the name x exists already and whether it refers to another symbol. For example:
lispy> def {x} {y}
{y}
lispy> def x 123 this is really def {y} 123
()
lispy> y
123
The function eval turns a Q-Expression into an S-Expression and evaluates it:
lispy> (+ 1 2 3) this is an S-Expression
6 it is evaluated
lispy> {+ 1 2 3} this is a Q-Expression
{+ 1 2 3} it does nothing
lispy> eval {+ 1 2 3} using eval
6
The trick in writing proper Lispy programs is to make sure you use S-Expressions and Q-Expressions in the right places.
The language comes with a minimal set of built-in functions that can perform basic tasks on Q-Expressions and other values.
You can do arithmetic on numeric values using +, -, *, /.
list Creates a new Q-Expression from one or more values.
lispy> list 1 2 3 4
{1 2 3 4}
lispy> list (list 1 2 3) (list 4 5 6)
{{1 2 3} {4 5 6}}
head Returns the first element from a Q-Expression.
lispy> head {1 2 3}
{1}
Note: the result is still a Q-Expression, which may not be what you want. If a Q- or S-Expression only has one element, calling eval returns just that element. So to pull the value out, eval the result:
lispy> eval (head {1 2 3})
1
tail Returns a Q-Expression with the first element removed.
lispy> tail {1 2 3}
{2 3}
join Combines two or more Q-Expressions.
lispy> join {1} {2 3}
{1 2 3}
eval Takes a Q-Expression and evaluates it as if it were a S-Expression.
lispy> eval {head (list 1 2 3 4)}
{1}
lispy> eval (tail {tail tail {5 6 7}})
{6 7}
lispy> eval (head {(+ 1 2) (+ 10 20)})
3
This is what allows you to treat data as code and what makes LISP awesome.
print Prints a value to stdout.
lispy> print "hello\nworld!"
hello
world!
You can print anything, not just strings.
error Generates an error value with a message.
lispy> error "Houston, we've got a problem!"
if Decisions, decisions... if lets you make them.
lispy> if (> x 10) { print "yep" } { print "nope" }
The code from the first Q-Expression is evaluated when the condition is true; the code from the second Q-Expression otherwise.
You can compare numbers using <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=. These return 1 (true) or 0 false. In general, the value 0 evaluates as false and anything that is not 0 evaluates as true.
There are no looping constructs in LISP. To make a loop, you need to use recursion.
Ah, the good stuff! A lambda is like a closure in Swift.
To create a lambda expression, you use \ because λ is too hard to type:
lispy> \ {x y} {+ x y}
Here, {x y} are the formal arguments, and {+ x y} is the body of the function.
Calling the lambda function:
lispy> (\ {x y} {+ x y}) 10 20
30
They are a bit useless by themselves, so here's how you'd give the lambda a name:
lispy> def {add-together} (\ {x y} {+ x y})
lispy> add-together 10 20
30
The standard library comes with a shortcut notation for defining your own functions:
lispy> fun {add-together x y} {+ x y}
This does the exact same thing as above but saves some typing.
Most of your LISP coding will involve writing your own functions in this manner.
A function always returns some value. If you have nothing to return, then it's customary to return the empty list () or {} (or the synonym nil).
Lambdas can take a variable number of arguments, using the syntax {x & xs}, where xs is a list containing the additional arguments.
lispy> def {my-join} (\ {x & xs} {join x xs})
lispy> my-join {a}
{a}
lispy> my-join {a} {b}
{a {b}}
lispy> my-join {a} {b c}
{a {b c}}
lispy> my-join {a} {b} {c}
{a {b} {c}}
You don't always need to specify values for all arguments of a function. This is called "partial application".
This is how you'd normally create and call a function:
lispy> fun {add-mul x y} {+ x (* x y)}
lispy> add-mul 10 20
210
Fair enough. But what if you do this:
lispy> add-mul 10
(\ {y} {+ x (* x y)}) x=10
Because add-mul expects two arguments and you only specified one, what you get back is a new lambda. This new lambda still expects the parameter y.
Remember how functions have their own local environment? For a partially applied function, that environment contains the values of their arguments. In this case, the new lambda knows that x is 10 already.
What's the use of this? Well, it allows you to do something like:
lispy> def {add-mul-ten} (add-mul 10)
lispy> add-mul-ten 50
510
So you can create new functions from existing functions by only partially evaluating them. Functional programming boffins love it!
Another hip thing is currying. Yum! The + function doesn't normally take a list and you'd call it like so:
lispy> + 5 6 7
But curry fixes that:
lispy> curry + {5 6 7}
The other way around works too, when a function takes a list as input but you wish to call it using variable arguments:
lispy> uncurry head 5 6 7
A language is pretty useless without a good library of functions. Besides the handful of built-in functions listed above, Lispy comes with a very basic library. These functions are defined in LISP itself. You can see them in stdlib.lispy. This source file is imported automatically when you start Lispy.
Some highlights:
reverse Changes the order of the elements in a list.
lispy> reverse {1 2 3 4}
{4 3 2 1}
map Applies a function to all items in a list.
lispy> map (\ {x} {+ x 10}) {5 2 11}
{15 12 21}
filter Removes items from a list that do not match the given condition.
lispy> filter (\ {x} {> x 2}) {5 2 11 -7 8 1}
{5 11 8}
foldl Fold left is like reduce in Swift.
lispy> foldl (\ {a x} {+ a x}) 0 {1 2 3 4}
10
Or simply:
lispy> foldl + 0 {1 2 3 4}
10
select This works like Swift's switch statement.
(fun {month-day-suffix i} {
select
{(== i 0) "st"}
{(== i 1) "nd"}
{(== i 3) "rd"}
{otherwise "th"}
})
case Like Objective-C's switch statement. ;-)
(fun {day-name x} {
case x
{0 "Monday"}
{1 "Tuesday"}
{2 "Wednesday"}
{3 "Thursday"}
{4 "Friday"}
{5 "Saturday"}
{6 "Sunday"}
})
do Perform a sequence of commands.
lispy> do (print "hello") (print "world")
-
The parser isn't very good. The original tutorial uses parser combinators, which would be a fun thing to play with.
-
The original tutorial allows comments in the source files (starting with
;), but my parser does not support this currently. -
The built-in functions use a lot of
guardstatements to verify that input is correct. This is necessary because the language is dynamically typed. But it would be nice to write some Swift "macros" to make this part of the code a bit more readable. -
Use proper cons cells to make lists like a true LISP.
-
The REPL isn't very user-friendly. You can't use the arrow keys to go back. Using semicolons to type on multiple lines is meh.
-
The REPL doesn't require you to put
( )around everything you write. That is convenient but also a bit misleading since source files do require it. If we were to require( )then supporting multiple lines becomes easier: the input isn't done until the last)matches up with the first(. -
Add a
Value.Realtype to support floating-point values. When doing arithmetic, integers should be promoted to Reals if necessary. -
Add a
Value.Booleantype? -
Make
Valueconform toComparableinstead of justEquatable, to simplify the code for the comparison operators. -
You cannot evaluate functions that take no parameters. This just prints out the name of the function. I don't know if this is a big deal, you could just make it a variable instead.
-
It is not particularly efficient. :-D
This is pretty much a straight port from Daniel Holden's Build Your Own LISP code, with some Swift goodness thrown in and a few modifications of my own. Many of the examples in this document are taken from his excellent tutorial. Go read it now!
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0