Create and use ad-hoc listeners with hark and heed.
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem 'heed'
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install heed
heed enables you to use 'listener' objects very easily. It's for programming in the hexagonal or tell, don't ask style. The consumers of heed listeners don't know anything about heed. Because heed makes it easy to create ad-hoc object, it's easy to get started with a tell-dont-ask style, in rails controllers for example. For more detail see the 'Rationale' section.
To create a listener object use hark.
You can pass a symbol and block
hark :created do |user|
redirect_to(user, notice: "You have signed up!")
end
The following methods are more suitable for a listener with multiple messages.
A hash with callables as values
hark(
created: ->(user) { redirect_to(user, notice: "You have signed up!") },
invalid: ->(user) { @user = user; render "new" }
)
# assuming some methods for rendering and redirecting exist on the controller
hark(created: method(:redirect_to_user), invalid: method(:render_new))
Or, a 'respond_to' style block
hark do |on|
on.created {|user| redirect_to(user, notice: "You have signed up!") }
on.invalid {|user| @user = user; render "new" }
end
By default, heed listeners are 'strict', they will only respond to the methods defined on them.
You create a 'lax' listener, responding to any message, by sending the lax message.
listener = hark(:foo) { "Foo" }
listener.bar
# => NoMethodError: undefined method `bar' for #<Heed::StrictListener:0x007fc91a03e568>
listener = listener.lax
listener.bar
# => []
To make a strict listener send the strict message.
Here are some ways of combining listeners.
# redirect listener
listener = hark(created: method(:redirect_to_user))
Add a message
listener = listener.hark :created do |user|
WelomeMailer.send_email(user)
end
Combine with another listener
logger = listener.hark(created: ->(u) { logger.info "User #{u} created" } )
listener = listener.hark(logger)
Combine with any object that support the same protocol
logger = UserLogger.new # responds to :created
listener = listener.hark(logger)
Turn any object into a listener, adding new methods as we go
hark UserLogger.new do |on|
on.created {|user| Emailer.send_welcome_email(user) }
end
Now, when listener is sent #created, all create handlers are called.
Because of the precedence of the block operator, constructing ad-hoc listeners requires you to insert some parens, which might be seen as unsightly, e.g:
seller.request_valuation(item, (hark do |on|
on.valuation_requested {|valuation| redirect_to valuation}
on.invalid_item {|item| redirect_to item, error: "Item not evaluable" }
end))
You may use #heed to create an ad-hoc listener using a passed block as follows
heed seller, :request_valuation, item do |on|
on.valuation_requested {|valuation| redirect_to valuation}
on.invalid_item {|item| redirect_to item, error: "Item not evaluable" }
end
If you want to combine listeners with an ad-hoc block, you may pass a 0-arity block that is yielded as the listener. This means you can use the block to wire up listeners, adding extra ones that have the caller's binding (useful in controllers for example)
heed seller, :request_valuation, item do
hark valuation_notifier do |on|
on.valuation_requested {|valuation| redirect_to valuation}
on.invalid_item {|item| redirect_to item, error: "Item not evaluable" }
end
end
Using the return value of a listener is not encouraged. Heed is designed for a tell, don't ask style of coding. That said the return value of a heed listener is an array of its handlers return values.
a = hark(:foo) { 'a' }
b = Object.new.tap {|o| o.singleton_class.send(:define_method, :foo) { 'b' } }
c = hark(foo: -> { 'c' }, bar: -> { 'c bar' })
a.foo # => ["a"]
hark(a,b).foo # => ["a", "b"]
hark(a,b,c).foo # => ["a", "b", "c"]
Heed listeners are immutable and #lax, #strict, and #heed all return new listeners.
When programming in the 'tell-dont-ask' or 'hexagonal' style, program flow is managed by passing listener, or response, objects to service objects, which call back depending on what happened. This allows logic that is concerned with the caller's domain to remain isolated from the service object.
The idea behind heed is that there should be little ceremony involved in the listener/response mechanics, and that simple listeners can easily be refactored into objects in their own right, without changing the protocols between the calling and servcie objects.
To that end, service objects should not know anything other than the listener/response protocol, and shouldn't have to 'publish' their results beyond a simple method call.
As a simple example, a user creation service object defines a response protocol as follows:
- created_user(user) the user was succesfully created
- invalid_user(user) the user couldn't be created because it was invalid
The UserCreator object's main method will have some code as follows:
if # some logic that means the user params were valid and we could persist the user
response.created_user(user)
else
response.invalid_user(user)
end
Let's say a controller is calling this, and you are using heed. In the beginning you would do something like this:
def create
heed user_creator, :create_user, user_params do |on|
on.created_user {|user| redirect_to user, notice: "Welome!" }
on.invalid_user {|user| @user = user; render "new" }
end
end
This keeps the controller's handling of the user creation nicely separate from the saving of the user creator.
Then, a requirement comes in to log the creation of users. The first attempt might be this:
def create
heed user_creator, :create_user, user_params do |on|
on.created_user do |user|
redirect_to user, notice: "Welome!"
logger.info "User #{user} created"
end
on.invalid_user {|user| @user = user; render "new" }
end
end
Then a requirement comes in to email users on succesful creation, there's an UserEmailer that responds to the same protocol. Also, the UX team want to log invalid users.
There's quite a lot going on now, we can tie it up as follows:
def create
heed user_creator, :create_user, user_params do
hark ui_response, UserEmailer.new, ux_team_response
end
end
# UserEmailer responds to #created_user(user)
def ui_response
hark do |on|
on.created_user {|user| redirect_to user, notice: "Welome!" }
on.invalid_user {|user| @user = user; render "new" }
end
end
def ux_team_response
hark(:invalid_user) {|user| logger.info("User invalid: #{user}") }
end
If some of the response code gets hairy, we can easily swap out heed ad-hoc objects for 'proper' ones. For example, the UI response might get a bit hairy, and so we make a new object.
def create
heed user_creator, :create_user, user_params do
hark UiResponse.new(self), UserEmailer.new, ux_team_response
end
end
class UiResponse < SimpleDelegator
def created_user user
if request.format.json?
# ...
else
# ...
end
end
def invalid_user user
# ...
end
end
Note that throughout this process we didn't have to modify the UserCreator code, even when we transitioned to/from heed/hark for different repsonses/styles.
Don't pay any attention to heed when you're testing, heed is just a utility to create listeners, and so what you should be testing is the protocol.
For example the service object tests will test functionality that pertains to the actual creation of the user, and will test that the correct message is sent to the response in those circumstances. Whereas the controller tests will mock out the service object, and test what happens when the service object sends the messages to the response as dictated by the protocol.
describe UserCreator do
let(:service) { described_class.new }
describe "#call params, response" do
subject { service.call params, response }
let(:response) { double }
context "when the user succesfully saves"
let(:params) { {name: "created user", # and other successful user params }
it "sends #created_user to the response with the created user" do
response.should_receive(:created_user) do |user|
user.name.should == "created user"
end
subject
end
end
context "when the user succesfully saves"
let(:params) { {name: "invalid user", # and invalid user params }
it "sends #invalid_user to the response with the created user" do
response.should_receive(:invalid_user) do |user|
# test that the object passed is the invalid user
end
subject
end
end
end
end
describe NewUserController do
before { controller.stub(user_creator: user_creator) } # or some other sensible way of injecting a fake user_creator
let(:user_creator) { double "User creator" }
let(:user) { double "A user" }
context "when the user_creator is succesful" do
before do
user_creator.stub :call do |params, response|
response.created_user(user)
end
end
it "should redirect to the user"
it "should email the user"
it "should log the creation of the user"
end
context "when the user_creator says the params are invalid" do
before do
user_creator.stub :call do |params, response|
response.invalid_user(user)
end
end
it "should render new with the user"
it "should log something for the UX team"
end
end
Note that in the above tests, there is *no mention of hark or heed*. This ensures a smooth transition to 'full blown'
response objects should the need occur.
- Fork it
- Create your feature branch (
git checkout -b my-new-feature) - Commit your changes (
git commit -am 'Add some feature') - Push to the branch (
git push origin my-new-feature) - Create new Pull Request