Pebble

Nightly benchmarks

Pebble is a LevelDB/RocksDB inspired key-value store focused on performance and internal usage by CockroachDB. Pebble inherits the RocksDB file formats and a few extensions such as range deletion tombstones, table-level bloom filters, and updates to the MANIFEST format.

Pebble intentionally does not aspire to include every feature in RocksDB and is specifically targetting the use case and feature set needed by CockroachDB:

Block-based tables
Checkpoints
Indexed batches
Iterator options (lower/upper bound, table filter)
Level-based compaction
Manual compaction
Merge operator
Prefix bloom filters
Prefix iteration
Range deletion tombstones
Reverse iteration
SSTable ingestion
Single delete
Snapshots
Table-level bloom filters

RocksDB has a large number of features that are not implemented in Pebble:

Backups
Column families
Delete files in range
FIFO compaction style
Forward iterator / tailing iterator
Hash table format
Memtable bloom filter
Persistent cache
Pin iterator key / value
Plain table format
SSTable ingest-behind
Sub-compactions
Transactions
Universal compaction style

WARNING: Pebble may silently corrupt data or behave incorrectly if used with a RocksDB database that uses a feature Pebble doesn't support. Caveat emptor!

Production Ready

Pebble was introduced as an alternative storage engine to RocksDB in CockroachDB v20.1 (released May 2020) and was used in production successfully at that time. Pebble was made the default storage engine in CockroachDB v20.2 (released Nov 2020). Pebble is being used in production by users of CockroachDB at scale and is considered stable and production ready.

Advantages

Pebble offers several improvements over RocksDB:

Faster reverse iteration via backwards links in the memtable's skiplist.
Faster commit pipeline that achieves better concurrency.
Seamless merged iteration of indexed batches. The mutations in the batch conceptually occupy another memtable level.
Smaller, more approachable code base.

See the Pebble vs RocksDB: Implementation Differences doc for more details on implementation differences.

RocksDB Compatibility

Pebble strives for forward compatibility with RocksDB 6.2.1 (the latest version of RocksDB used by CockroachDB). Forward compatibility means that a DB generated by RocksDB can be used by Pebble. Currently, Pebble provides bidirectional compatibility with RocksDB (a Pebble generated DB can be used by RocksDB) when using its FormatMostCompatible format. New functionality that is backwards incompatible is gated behind new format major versions. In general, Pebble only provides compatibility with the subset of functionality and configuration used by CockroachDB. The scope of RocksDB functionality and configuration is too large to adequately test and document all the incompatibilities. The list below contains known incompatibilities.

Pebble's use of WAL recycling is only compatible with RocksDB's kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords WAL recovery mode. Older versions of RocksDB would automatically map incompatible WAL recovery modes to kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords. New versions of RocksDB will disable WAL recycling.
Column families. Pebble does not support column families, nor does it attempt to detect their usage when opening a DB that may contain them.
Hash table format. Pebble does not support the hash table sstable format.
Plain table format. Pebble does not support the plain table sstable format.
SSTable format version 3 and 4. Pebble does not currently support version 3 and version 4 format sstables. The sstable format version is controlled by the BlockBasedTableOptions::format_version option. See #97.

Pedigree

Pebble is based on the incomplete Go version of LevelDB:

https://github.com/golang/leveldb

The Go version of LevelDB is based on the C++ original:

https://github.com/google/leveldb

Optimizations and inspiration were drawn from RocksDB:

https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb

Getting Started

Example Code

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"

	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble"
)

func main() {
	db, err := pebble.Open("demo", &pebble.Options{})
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	key := []byte("hello")
	if err := db.Set(key, []byte("world"), pebble.Sync); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	value, closer, err := db.Get(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s %s\n", key, value)
	if err := closer.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

imsodin/pebble