Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Joeran Bosma: Joeran.Bosma@radboudumc.nl
- Anindo Saha: Anindya.Shaha@radboudumc.nl
- Henkjan Huisman: Henkjan.Huisman@radboudumc.nl
This algorithm is hosted on Grand-Challenge.com.
This algorithm segments the whole prostate gland in biparametric MRI (bpMRI). Development of this model was geared toward robust prostate segmentation, at the expense of fine-grained zonal segmentation. This algorithm was used to provide prostate segmentations for the PI-CAI challenge.
This algorithm is a deep learning-based model, which ensembles five independent nnU-Net models (using 5-fold cross-validation). To prioritize robust segmentation, we trained these models with Cross-Entropy + Focal loss. We trained these models with a total of 438 prostate biparametric MRI (bpMRI) scans paired with a manual prostate segmentation. These scans were sourced from two independent hospitals: 299 cases from Radboudumc (of which 248 part of ProstateX) and 139 cases from Prostate158.
We ensured there is no patient overlap between this algorithm's training dataset and the PI-CAI Hidden Validation and Tuning Cohort or Hidden Testing Cohort.
This algorithm is evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation using the dataset described in Mechanism. Segmentation performance and its standard deviation across cases are provided below.
| Dice similarity coefficient | Jaccard index |
|---|---|
| 0.8968 ± 0.0547 | 0.8169 ± 0.0820 |
Training steps are provided in here.
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For research use only. This algorithm is intended to be used only on biparametric prostate MRI examinations. This algorithm should not be used in different patient demographics.
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Target population: This algorithm was trained on patients without prior treatment (e.g. radiotherapy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA), cryoablation, etc.), without prior positive biopsies, without artefacts and with reasonably-well aligned sequences.
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MRI scanner: This algorithm was trained and evaluated exclusively on prostate bpMRI scans derived from Siemens Healthineers (Skyra/Prisma/Trio/Avanto) MRI scanners with surface coils. It does not account for vendor-neutral properties or domain adaptation, and in turn, is not compatible with scans derived using any other MRI scanner or those using endorectal coils.
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Sequence alignment and position of the prostate: While the input images (T2W, HBV, ADC) can be of different spatial resolutions, the algorithm assumes that they are co-registered or aligned reasonably well.
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General use: This model is intended to be used by radiologists for predicting prostate volume in biparametric MRI examinations. The model is not meant to guide or drive clinical care. This model is intended to complement other pieces of patient information in order to determine the appropriate follow-up recommendation.
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Before using this model: Test the model retrospectively and prospectively on a cohort that reflects the target population that the model will be used upon to confirm the validity of the model within a local setting.
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Safety and efficacy evaluation: To be determined in a clinical validation study.
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Risks: Even if used appropriately, clinicians using this model can estimate prostate volume incorrectly.
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Inappropriate Settings: This model was not trained on MRI examinations of patients with prior treatment (e.g. radiotherapy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA), cryoablation, etc.), prior positive biopsies, artefacts or misalignment between sequences. Hence it is susceptible to faulty predictions and unintended behaviour when presented with such cases. Do not use the model in the clinic without further evaluation.
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Clinical rationale: The model is not interpretable and does not provide a rationale. Clinical end users are expected to place the model output in context with other clinical information.
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Inappropriate decision support: This model may not be accurate outside of the target population. This model is not designed to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment for prostate cancer.
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Generalizability: This model was primarily developed with prostate MRI examinations from Radboud University Medical Centre and the Andros Kliniek. Do not use this model in an external setting without further evaluation.
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Discontinue use if: Clinical staff raise concerns about the utility of the model for the intended use case or large, systematic changes occur at the data level that necessitates re-training of the model.