Integrating Models Sinatra Code-along

Overview

In previous lessons, we've applied logic to data provided by the user directly in our application controller. While this works, it does not follow the principle of 'separation of concerns' - our files should do one thing and one thing only. In this code-along lesson, we'll learn how to move the logic to a model in a Sinatra application. By doing this, we'll create our first full Model-View-Controller application in Sinatra!

Objectives

Create a model in Sinatra
Link to created models from the application controller
Create instances of a model in the application controller
Display data from instances of a model in a view

Setup

We'll use input from a form to create an instance of a model, and then send that instance back to a view to be displayed to the user. As an example, we're going to create a web application that analyzes a block of text from the user - showing the number of words, most common letters, and least common letters to us.

To code along, fork and clone this lab. Run bundle install to make sure all of your dependencies are installed.

Starter code

Let's take a closer look at the starter code. Run shotgun to make sure that your application can run.

Routes

The controller has two routes:
- get '/' do, which renders the index.erb page.
- post '/' do, which receives the form data through params and renders the results page.

Creating a model

We could analyze all of the data from params[:user_text] in our application controller, but our route would get messy very quickly. Instead, let's create a new class inside of our models directory that will take care of the analysis of the text. In your models directory, open the file called text_analyzer.rb.

We're not going to go deeply into creating models in this lesson, as you've covered it in depth in our unit on object oriented programming. Instead, paste the following code in to your text_analyzer.rb file:

class TextAnalyzer
  attr_reader :text

  def initialize(text)
    @text = text.downcase
  end

  def count_of_words
    words = text.split(" ")
    words.count
  end

  def count_of_vowels
    text.scan(/[aeoui]/).count
  end

  def count_of_consonants
    text.scan(/[bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz]/).count
  end

  def most_used_letter
    s1 = text.gsub(/[^a-z]/, '') # gets rid of spaces
    arr = s1.split('')
    arr1 = arr.uniq
    arr2 = {}

    arr1.map do |c|
      arr2[c] =  arr.count(c)
    end

    biggest = { arr2.keys.first => arr2.values.first }

    arr2.each do |key, value|
      if value > biggest.values.first
        biggest = {}
        biggest[key] = value
      end
    end

    biggest
  end
end

The model above has an initializer which takes in a string text, converts it to lowercase, and saves it to an instance variable @text. This instance variable is then used in the four instance methods, which provide information on the block of text in question. If we wanted to use this class on its own, we could do the following:

my_text = TextAnalyzer.new("The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain.")
my_text.count_of_words #=> 9
my_text.count_of_vowels #=> 13
my_text.count_of_consonants #=> 22
my_text.most_used_letter #=> {"n" => 6}

In general our models are agnostic about the rest of our application - we could drop this class into a Command Line or Ruby on Rails app and it would function in the exact same way.

Using a model in the controller

In order to use the model we've created in our controller we need to connect the two. To do this, we'll use the require_relative keyword to bring in the code from the model we've created. At the top of app.rb, add require_relative "models/text_analyzer.rb". This now gives us the ability to create new instances of the TextAnalyzer class from within our controller.

Now, let's take the data from params[user_text] (in the post '/' do route) and feed it into a new instance of theTextAnalyzer class:

post '/' do
  text_from_user = params[:user_text]

  @analyzed_text = TextAnalyzer.new(text_from_user)

  erb :results
end

We can shorten this to:

post '/' do
  @analyzed_text = TextAnalyzer.new(params[:user_text])

  erb :results
end

We now have the instance of TextAnalyzer saved to an instance variable called @analyzed_text. This means that we can call it and its methods from the results.erb view that is being rendered, using erb tags!

Using instance variables in ERB

In our results.erb file, use erb tags to display the data stored in the @analyzed_text variable. Your end result should look something like this:

Full MVC

Congratulations! You've now created your first Sinatra app that uses a model, views, and a controller! You are taking user input in a form, sending it via params to the 'post' route where a new instance of the model is created using the data from the form. This instance is passed back to the view, where it is rendered using erb tags. Pat yourself on the back, this is a big milestone in your developer journey!

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