Ethereum VM (EVM) Opcodes and Instruction Reference
This reference consolidates EVM opcode information from the yellow paper, stack exchange, solidity source, parity source, evm-opcode-gas-costs and Manticore.
New issues and contributions are welcome, and are covered by bounties from Trail of Bits. Join us in #ethereum on the Empire Hacking Slack to discuss Ethereum security tool development.
Notes
The size of a "word" in EVM is 256 bits.
The gas information is a work in progress. If an asterisk is in the Gas column, the base cost is shown but may vary based on the opcode arguments.
Table
| Opcode | Name | Description | Extra Info | Gas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0x00 |
STOP | Halts execution | - | 0 |
0x01 |
ADD | Addition operation | - | 3 |
0x02 |
MUL | Multiplication operation | - | 5 |
0x03 |
SUB | Subtraction operation | - | 3 |
0x04 |
DIV | Integer division operation | - | 5 |
0x05 |
SDIV | Signed integer division operation (truncated) | - | 5 |
0x06 |
MOD | Modulo remainder operation | - | 5 |
0x07 |
SMOD | Signed modulo remainder operation | - | 5 |
0x08 |
ADDMOD | Modulo addition operation | - | 8 |
0x09 |
MULMOD | Modulo multiplication operation | - | 8 |
0x0a |
EXP | Exponential operation | - | 10* |
0x0b |
SIGNEXTEND | Extend length of two's complement signed integer | - | 5 |
0x0c - 0x0f |
Unused | Unused | - | |
0x10 |
LT | Less-than comparison | - | 3 |
0x11 |
GT | Greater-than comparison | - | 3 |
0x12 |
SLT | Signed less-than comparison | - | 3 |
0x13 |
SGT | Signed greater-than comparison | - | 3 |
0x14 |
EQ | Equality comparison | - | 3 |
0x15 |
ISZERO | Simple not operator | - | 3 |
0x16 |
AND | Bitwise AND operation | - | 3 |
0x17 |
OR | Bitwise OR operation | - | 3 |
0x18 |
XOR | Bitwise XOR operation | - | 3 |
0x19 |
NOT | Bitwise NOT operation | - | 3 |
0x1a |
BYTE | Retrieve single byte from word | - | 3 |
0x1b |
SHL | Shift Left | EIP145 | 3 |
0x1c |
SHR | Logical Shift Right | EIP145 | 3 |
0x1d |
SAR | Arithmetic Shift Right | EIP145 | 3 |
0x20 |
KECCAK256 | Compute Keccak-256 hash | - | 30* |
0x21 - 0x2f |
Unused | Unused | ||
0x30 |
ADDRESS | Get address of currently executing account | - | 2 |
0x31 |
BALANCE | Get balance of the given account | - | 700 |
0x32 |
ORIGIN | Get execution origination address | - | 2 |
0x33 |
CALLER | Get caller address | - | 2 |
0x34 |
CALLVALUE | Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution | - | 2 |
0x35 |
CALLDATALOAD | Get input data of current environment | - | 3 |
0x36 |
CALLDATASIZE | Get size of input data in current environment | - | 2* |
0x37 |
CALLDATACOPY | Copy input data in current environment to memory | - | 3 |
0x38 |
CODESIZE | Get size of code running in current environment | - | 2 |
0x39 |
CODECOPY | Copy code running in current environment to memory | - | 3* |
0x3a |
GASPRICE | Get price of gas in current environment | - | 2 |
0x3b |
EXTCODESIZE | Get size of an account's code | - | 700 |
0x3c |
EXTCODECOPY | Copy an account's code to memory | - | 700* |
0x3d |
RETURNDATASIZE | Pushes the size of the return data buffer onto the stack | EIP 211 | 2 |
0x3e |
RETURNDATACOPY | Copies data from the return data buffer to memory | EIP 211 | 3 |
0x3f |
EXTCODEHASH | Returns the keccak256 hash of a contract's code | EIP 1052 | 700 |
0x40 |
BLOCKHASH | Get the hash of one of the 256 most recent complete blocks | - | 20 |
0x41 |
COINBASE | Get the block's beneficiary address | - | 2 |
0x42 |
TIMESTAMP | Get the block's timestamp | - | 2 |
0x43 |
NUMBER | Get the block's number | - | 2 |
0x44 |
DIFFICULTY | Get the block's difficulty | - | 2 |
0x45 |
GASLIMIT | Get the block's gas limit | - | 2 |
0x46 |
CHAINID | Returns the current chain’s EIP-155 unique identifier | EIP 1344 | 2 |
0x47 - 0x4f |
Unused | - | ||
0x48 |
BASEFEE | Returns the value of the base fee of the current block it is executing in. | EIP 3198 | 2 |
0x50 |
POP | Remove word from stack | - | 2 |
0x51 |
MLOAD | Load word from memory | - | 3* |
0x52 |
MSTORE | Save word to memory | - | 3* |
0x53 |
MSTORE8 | Save byte to memory | - | 3 |
0x54 |
SLOAD | Load word from storage | - | 800 |
0x55 |
SSTORE | Save word to storage | - | 20000** |
0x56 |
JUMP | Alter the program counter | - | 8 |
0x57 |
JUMPI | Conditionally alter the program counter | - | 10 |
0x58 |
GETPC | Get the value of the program counter prior to the increment | - | 2 |
0x59 |
MSIZE | Get the size of active memory in bytes | - | 2 |
0x5a |
GAS | Get the amount of available gas, including the corresponding reduction for the cost of this instruction | - | 2 |
0x5b |
JUMPDEST | Mark a valid destination for jumps | - | 1 |
0x5c - 0x5f |
Unused | - | ||
0x60 |
PUSH1 | Place 1 byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x61 |
PUSH2 | Place 2-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x62 |
PUSH3 | Place 3-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x63 |
PUSH4 | Place 4-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x64 |
PUSH5 | Place 5-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x65 |
PUSH6 | Place 6-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x66 |
PUSH7 | Place 7-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x67 |
PUSH8 | Place 8-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x68 |
PUSH9 | Place 9-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x69 |
PUSH10 | Place 10-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6a |
PUSH11 | Place 11-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6b |
PUSH12 | Place 12-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6c |
PUSH13 | Place 13-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6d |
PUSH14 | Place 14-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6e |
PUSH15 | Place 15-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x6f |
PUSH16 | Place 16-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x70 |
PUSH17 | Place 17-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x71 |
PUSH18 | Place 18-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x72 |
PUSH19 | Place 19-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x73 |
PUSH20 | Place 20-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x74 |
PUSH21 | Place 21-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x75 |
PUSH22 | Place 22-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x76 |
PUSH23 | Place 23-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x77 |
PUSH24 | Place 24-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x78 |
PUSH25 | Place 25-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x79 |
PUSH26 | Place 26-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7a |
PUSH27 | Place 27-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7b |
PUSH28 | Place 28-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7c |
PUSH29 | Place 29-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7d |
PUSH30 | Place 30-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7e |
PUSH31 | Place 31-byte item on stack | - | 3 |
0x7f |
PUSH32 | Place 32-byte (full word) item on stack | - | 3 |
0x80 |
DUP1 | Duplicate 1st stack item | - | 3 |
0x81 |
DUP2 | Duplicate 2nd stack item | - | 3 |
0x82 |
DUP3 | Duplicate 3rd stack item | - | 3 |
0x83 |
DUP4 | Duplicate 4th stack item | - | 3 |
0x84 |
DUP5 | Duplicate 5th stack item | - | 3 |
0x85 |
DUP6 | Duplicate 6th stack item | - | 3 |
0x86 |
DUP7 | Duplicate 7th stack item | - | 3 |
0x87 |
DUP8 | Duplicate 8th stack item | - | 3 |
0x88 |
DUP9 | Duplicate 9th stack item | - | 3 |
0x89 |
DUP10 | Duplicate 10th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8a |
DUP11 | Duplicate 11th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8b |
DUP12 | Duplicate 12th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8c |
DUP13 | Duplicate 13th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8d |
DUP14 | Duplicate 14th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8e |
DUP15 | Duplicate 15th stack item | - | 3 |
0x8f |
DUP16 | Duplicate 16th stack item | - | 3 |
0x90 |
SWAP1 | Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items | - | 3 |
0x91 |
SWAP2 | Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items | - | 3 |
0x92 |
SWAP3 | Exchange 1st and 4th stack items | - | 3 |
0x93 |
SWAP4 | Exchange 1st and 5th stack items | - | 3 |
0x94 |
SWAP5 | Exchange 1st and 6th stack items | - | 3 |
0x95 |
SWAP6 | Exchange 1st and 7th stack items | - | 3 |
0x96 |
SWAP7 | Exchange 1st and 8th stack items | - | 3 |
0x97 |
SWAP8 | Exchange 1st and 9th stack items | - | 3 |
0x98 |
SWAP9 | Exchange 1st and 10th stack items | - | 3 |
0x99 |
SWAP10 | Exchange 1st and 11th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9a |
SWAP11 | Exchange 1st and 12th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9b |
SWAP12 | Exchange 1st and 13th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9c |
SWAP13 | Exchange 1st and 14th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9d |
SWAP14 | Exchange 1st and 15th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9e |
SWAP15 | Exchange 1st and 16th stack items | - | 3 |
0x9f |
SWAP16 | Exchange 1st and 17th stack items | - | 3 |
0xa0 |
LOG0 | Append log record with no topics | - | 375 |
0xa1 |
LOG1 | Append log record with one topic | - | 750 |
0xa2 |
LOG2 | Append log record with two topics | - | 1125 |
0xa3 |
LOG3 | Append log record with three topics | - | 1500 |
0xa4 |
LOG4 | Append log record with four topics | - | 1875 |
0xa5 - 0xaf |
Unused | - | ||
0xb0 |
JUMPTO | Tentative libevmasm has different numbers | EIP 615 | |
0xb1 |
JUMPIF | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb2 |
JUMPSUB | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb4 |
JUMPSUBV | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb5 |
BEGINSUB | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb6 |
BEGINDATA | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb8 |
RETURNSUB | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xb9 |
PUTLOCAL | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xba |
GETLOCAL | Tentative | EIP 615 | |
0xbb - 0xe0 |
Unused | - | ||
0xe1 |
SLOADBYTES | Only referenced in pyethereum | - | - |
0xe2 |
SSTOREBYTES | Only referenced in pyethereum | - | - |
0xe3 |
SSIZE | Only referenced in pyethereum | - | - |
0xe4 - 0xef |
Unused | - | ||
0xf0 |
CREATE | Create a new account with associated code | - | 32000 |
0xf1 |
CALL | Message-call into an account | - | Complicated |
0xf2 |
CALLCODE | Message-call into this account with alternative account's code | - | Complicated |
0xf3 |
RETURN | Halt execution returning output data | - | 0 |
0xf4 |
DELEGATECALL | Message-call into this account with an alternative account's code, but persisting into this account with an alternative account's code | - | Complicated |
0xf5 |
CREATE2 | Create a new account and set creation address to sha3(sender + sha3(init code)) % 2**160 |
- | |
0xf6 - 0xf9 |
Unused | - | - | |
0xfa |
STATICCALL | Similar to CALL, but does not modify state | - | 40 |
0xfb |
Unused | - | - | |
0xfc |
TXEXECGAS | Not in yellow paper FIXME | - | - |
0xfd |
REVERT | Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and providing a reason | - | 0 |
0xfe |
INVALID | Designated invalid instruction | - | 0 |
0xff |
SELFDESTRUCT | Halt execution and register account for later deletion | - | 5000* |
Instruction Details
ADD
Takes two words from stack, adds them, then pushes the result onto the stack.
Pseudocode: push(s[0]+s[1])
PUSHX
The following X bytes are read from PC, placed into a word, then this word is pushed onto the stack.