Geographically Weighted Artificial Neural Network

System Requirements

Java JDK 1.2 or higher (for JRI/REngine JDK 1.4 or higher). If it is not already installed, you can get it here.

Install

Sys.setenv("R_REMOTES_NO_ERRORS_FROM_WARNINGS" = "true")
if (!require("devtools"))
   install.packages("devtools",INSTALL_opts="--no-multiarch")
devtools::install_github("jhagenauer/gwann")

Example

options(java.parameters="-Xmx8g")

library(viridis)
library(gwann)
library(ggplot2)

data(toy4)

x<-as.matrix(toy4[,c("x1","x2")])
y<-as.numeric(toy4[,c("y")] )
dm<-as.matrix(dist(toy4[,c("lon","lat")])  )
s_test<-sample(nrow(x),0.3*nrow(x)) # indices of test samples

r<-gwann(x_train=x[-s_test,],y_train=y[-s_test],w_train=dm[-s_test,-s_test],
     x_pred=x[s_test,],w_pred=dm[-s_test,s_test],
     nrHidden=4,batchSize=50,lr=0.1,optimizer="adam",cv_patience=9999,
     adaptive=F,
     bwSearch="goldenSection",bwMin=min(dm)/4, bwMax=max(dm)/4,
     threads=8
)
p<-diag(r$predictions)
print(paste("RMSE: ",sqrt(mean((p-y[s_test])^2))))
print(paste("Iterations: ",r$iterations))
print(paste("Bandwidth: ",r$bandwidth))

# plot predictions
s<-cbind( Prediction=p, toy4[s_test,c("lon","lat")] )
ggplot(s,aes(lon,lat,fill=Prediction)) + geom_raster() + scale_fill_viridis() + coord_fixed()

Note

If you get java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space put options(java.parameters="-Xmx8g") before loading the package and adjust it to your available memory. To take effect, you most likely have to restart R/RStudio then.
The learning rate (lr), the batch size (batchSize) and the number of hidden neurons (nrHidden) have a substantial effect on the performance and therefore should be chosen carefully. (The number of iterations as well as the bandwidth are also important but are by default automatically determined by GWANN using cross-validation.)
Transforming the data to make their distributions approximally normal often improves the performance of GWANN.
Test different optimizers.

Julian Hagenauer & Marco Helbich (2022) A geographically weighted artificial neural network, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 36:2, 215-235, DOI: 10.1080/13658816.2021.1871618

jhagenauer/gwann

Geographically Weighted Artificial Neural Network

System Requirements

Install

Example

Note

References