There is an example configuration file at /configs/serverconfig.txt which you should amend according to your requirements, otherwise the server won't start (it'll get caught in an infinite loop at the server menu).
I couldn't figure a way to get the server to autocreate me a world as unless I specified a world file, it would get caught in the infinite menu loop. I ran the server locally (not in a container) to create the world, and then copied the *.wld file into the worlds directory.
Note: The .keep file is purely to stop git from ignoring the directory, and can be removed if you so wish.
docker build -t jonifen/terraria .
You'll need to have a few details to be able to run the container... the full path to the repository, and also the port you specify (currently defaulted to 7777) should match that in your server config.
docker run -itd -v {path_to_repo}/worlds:/terraria/worlds -v {path_to_repo}/configs:/terraria/configs -p 7777:7777/tcp --name terraria_server jonifen/terraria
docker attach terraria_server
Press enter after connecting if you don't have the colon prompt, and enter the save or exit commands. See help for more options.