In this tutorial, we will walk through how to set up, write tests, and run tests using Intern. This repository contains a very basic Hello World demo “application” that we’ll be using as an example to build on. In order to complete this tutorial, you will need the following:
- A Bourne-compatible shell, like bash or zsh (or knowledge to execute equivalent commands in your environment)
- Git
- Node 0.8+
- A free Sauce Labs account
Once you have all the necessary prerequisites, download the demo application by cloning this repository:
git clone https://github.com/theintern/intern-tutorial.gitPlace the demo application in a web document root on your machine. The app only runs using http://, not file://. The application itself consists of a basic HTML page and a single “app” package.
Intern supports two types of tests: unit tests and functional tests. Unit tests work by executing code directly and inspecting the result, such as calling a function and then checking that it returns an expected value. Functional tests mimic user interaction and work by issuing commands to browsers via a WebDriver browser extension. As such, they require an external server that sends these commands to the browser and processes the result. This is a powerful notion: Intern allows us to test code with regular unit tests, but also allows us to test functionality by mimicking user interaction within real browsers.
Intern is distributed as an npm package so it can be easily added as a dependency to any project. We’ve created a basic package.json already for our demo application and will install Intern using the --save-dev flag so that npm adds it automatically as a development dependency:
cd intern-tutorial
npm install intern --save-devThat’s it! Installation is complete.
Intern needs to be configured so it can find our tests and know how we want to run them. This is done by creating an Intern configuration file, but first we need to create a place for it to live. For this tutorial, we’ll place the configuration file and tests within a tests subdirectory of the project, so create one at intern-tutorial/tests:
mkdir testsNext, copy the example configuration file from Intern to intern-tutorial/tests/intern.js:
cp node_modules/intern/tests/example.intern.js tests/intern.jsThis example configuration provides us with some default settings that work well for most projects. You can find descriptions of all the available settings at Configuring Intern. The remaining configuration that needs to be done in order for Intern to work with our project is to tell the loader that our app package exists. Within the example configuration, this means changing packages: [ { name: 'myPackage', location: '.' } ] to packages: [ { name: 'app', location: 'app' } ]:
// ...
loader: {
// Packages that should be registered with the loader in each testing environment
packages: [ { name: 'app', location: 'app' } ]
},
// ...Note: The loader object in the configuration file accepts any configuration options that are understood by the AMD loader. If you need to include additional packages, map modules, etc., this is the place to do it.
We’ll be doing a little more configuration shortly when we start adding tests, but for now, we have a complete configuration. You can verify that everything is working by running the Node.js client, passing the ID of the configuration module we just created (which is relative to the current working directory) as config:
./node_modules/.bin/intern-client config=tests/internNote: If you install Intern globally and your PATH is configured properly, you can simply run intern-client instead.
It should output:
0/0 tests failed
Now that we’ve configured Intern, we need to create a test module which will contain the actual tests for our application.
There are several different popular syntaxes for writing unit tests, and Intern comes with built-in support for the three most common: BDD, TDD, and object. In this tutorial, we will use the object syntax, but this is an individual preference. All of these interfaces support the same functionality, so pick whichever one you think is the clearest when you start writing your own tests!
Before getting any further into writing tests, we need to take a moment to review the terminology that is used by Intern:
- An assertion is a function call that verifies that a variable contains (or a function returns) an expected, correct, value (e.g.
assert.isTrue(someVariable, 'someVariable should be true')) - A test interface is a programming interface for registering tests with Intern
- A test case (or, just test) is a function that makes calls to application code and makes assertions about what it should have done
- A test suite is a collection of tests (and, optionally, sub–test-suites) that are related to each other
- A test module is a JavaScript module in AMD format that contains test suites
These pieces can be visualized in a hierarchy, like this:
- test module
- test suite
- test suite
- test case
- ...
- ...
- test case
- test case
- assertion
- assertion
- ...
- ...
- test suite
- test suite
- ...
- test suite
- test module
- ...
Test modules are typically split up so that there’s one test module for each corresponding code module being tested. We have one code module in our demo app (app/hello), so we’ll create a new test module at intern-tutorial/tests/hello.js and put the following boilerplate into it:
define([
'intern!object',
'intern/chai!assert',
'app/hello'
], function (registerSuite, assert, hello) {
});Note: Future versions of Intern will contain extra Grunt tasks to assist with generating new test modules.
This bit of code loads the object test interface as registerSuite, the assertion interface as assert, and the code we want to test as hello.
Now that the basics of our hello test module are in place, the next step is to use registerSuite to register a test suite with some tests for our app. We’ll start by testing the hello.greet method.
Looking at the source code for app/hello, we can see that when greet is called it will return the string "Hello, world!" if no name is passed, or "Hello, <name>!" if a name is passed. We need to make sure we test both of these code branches. If we’ve done it right, our test code will end up looking something like this:
define([
'intern!object',
'intern/chai!assert',
'app/hello'
], function (registerSuite, assert, hello) {
registerSuite({
name: 'hello',
greet: function () {
assert.strictEqual(hello.greet('Murray'), 'Hello, Murray!',
'hello.greet should return a greeting for the person named in the first argument');
assert.strictEqual(hello.greet(), 'Hello, world!',
'hello.greet with no arguments should return a greeting to "world"');
}
});
});Note: This example test uses assert.strictEqual, which is just one of many available assertions. For a complete list of available methods, see the ChaiJS documentation.
In this test module, we’ve registered a new suite for our hello module and named it “hello”, written a new test case for the greet method and named it “greet”, and added two assertions: one where we call greet and pass an argument, and one where we call greet without any argument. If either of these assertions fails, they will throw an error and the test case will be considered failed at that point.
Each of our assertions also contains a message that describes what logic the assertion is actually checking. Similar to good code comments that describe why a piece of code exists, these messages are used to describe the intent of the code being checked rather than simply describing the assertion. For instance, “Calling hello.greet('Murray') should return "Hello, Murray!"” would be a bad assertion message because it just describes what the assertion is doing, rather than describing the desired outcome. With the message we’ve used in the code above, if the hello.greet method were changed in the future to return "Hi, <name>!" instead, it would be clear that the test itself needed to be updated because the code still fulfils the described business logic. Similarly, if the method were changed to return "You suck, <name>!" instead, it would then be clear that the application code was updated incorrectly.
The final step when writing a new test module is to add the module’s identifier to our configuration file so that it is loaded when we run Intern. To do this, in the suites array, add the string 'tests/hello':
// ...
// Unit test modules to run in each browser
suites: [ 'tests/hello' ],
// ...Now if we go back and run the same client.js command from the end of Step 2, we will actually see our tests running and passing:
PASS: main - hello - greet (0ms)
0/1 tests failed
0/1 tests failed
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
File | % Stmts |% Branches | % Funcs | % Lines |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
app/ | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
hello.js | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
All files | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Note: The “tests failed” line appears twice because it is displayed once at the end of each test suite, then again at the end of the entire test run with the total count. Since we only have one test suite, the two values are identical.
These same tests can be run directly within a Web browser by navigating to http://path/to/intern-tutorial/node_modules/intern/client.html?config=tests/intern and looking in the Web console for the results. (In fact, you don’t need Node.js to be installed at all to use client.html.)
Functional tests are different from unit tests in that they mimic user interaction by sending commands to browsers using an external server instead of running directly in the environment being tested. This enables us to generate real DOM events and test UI interactions just like a real user, with no JavaScript security sandbox limitations. As well as enabling testing of sandbox-restricted actions like file uploads, functional testing also allows us to test interactions that span multiple pages and interactions with third party sites (like OAuth authorization flows). Our demo app contains an HTML file with a basic form that should display a greeting using hello.greet. For this tutorial, we’ll simulate a user filling out a form and clicking a button to submit it in order to verify this page works as expected.
Intern’s functional testing is based on the standard WebDriver protocol, and the WebDriver client it uses (Dig Dug) supports several remote testing services, as well as self-hosted WebDriver servers. This tutorial assumes you are using Sauce Labs.
To get started, create a new directory to hold the functional tests (in order to differentiate them from our normal unit tests) at intern-tutorial/tests/functional:
mkdir tests/functionalNext, create a test module at intern-tutorial/tests/functional/index.js with the following boilerplate:
define([
'intern!object',
'intern/chai!assert',
'require'
], function (registerSuite, assert, require) {
registerSuite({
name: 'index',
'greeting form': function () {
}
});
});Just like our unit test before, we’re using the object test interface and assert-style assertions. However, instead of loading any application code directly, we’ve loaded the special require module which we’ll use to generate a URL to load in the browser.
To facilitate functional testing, an object is exposed to tests at this.remote that provides an interface for interacting with the remote browser environment. Using the methods on this.remote, we can load a Web page, interact with it, and retrieve data from it to assert that our actions caused the expected result. Since all calls to the remote browser are asynchronous, this interface allows us to chain commands (like jQuery) and retrieve results using standard promises-style then calls. When we make a call, it is enqueued and executed once all the previous commands have completed. If this description is a little confusing, don’t worry—it should be clearer once we look at some code.
Looking at the HTML page at index.html, we can see that it consists of a simple form with a single input. Once this page and all required scripts are loaded, a CSS class name of "loaded" is added to the body element. We want to make sure this form works properly by testing interaction like a real user: focusing the input, typing a string, and clicking submit. We can then verify that the greeting was properly updated. Once finished, this test will look something like this:
define([
'intern!object',
'intern/chai!assert',
'require'
], function (registerSuite, assert, require) {
registerSuite({
name: 'index',
'greeting form': function () {
return this.remote
.get(require.toUrl('index.html'))
.setFindTimeout(5000)
.findByCssSelector('body.loaded')
.findById('nameField')
.click()
.type('Elaine')
.end()
.findByCssSelector('#loginForm input[type=submit]')
.click()
.end()
.findById('greeting')
.getVisibleText()
.then(function (text) {
assert.strictEqual(text, 'Hello, Elaine!',
'Greeting should be displayed when the form is submitted');
});
}
});
});Note: To learn which methods are available on the remote object, check the Leadfoot’s Command documentation.
In the code above, calling remote.get loads the HTML page we want to test into the browser, using the require.toUrl function to convert the path index.html to a fully qualified URL. Then, we wait for the “loaded” CSS class to appear on the body, for a maximum of five seconds. Once this element exists, we go through the process of finding, clicking, and typing into elements. Finally, we retrieve the text from the greeting element and check it to confirm that it matches what was expected.
Now that this test module is complete, the final step is to add it to our Intern configuration in the special functionalSuites array:
// ...
// Functional test suite(s) to run in each browser once non-functional tests are completed
functionalSuites: [ 'tests/functional/index' ],
// ...Because functional tests require a server to drive the browser, we can’t use client.html or client.js to run these tests. Instead, we need to use the test runner, runner.js.
At this point, all our tests are written and Intern is fully configured. The only thing that’s left to do is to run all our tests on all the platforms we want to support. To do this efficiently, instead of using the client, we’ll use the test runner.
Unlike the client, which simply runs tests in whichever environment it is loaded, the test runner is responsible for setting up and executing tests against all the environments specified in our configuration, as well as acting as the server for driving functional tests. It also adds instrumentation to code so that we can analyze how much of our code is actually being executed by our tests. Using the runner works basically the same as running client.js, except that since we are using Sauce Labs we also need to provide our Sauce credentials:
SAUCE_USERNAME=<your username> SAUCE_ACCESS_KEY=<your access key> ./node_modules/.bin/intern-runner config=tests/internYou may instead specify your Sauce Labs username and access key on the tunnelOptions object in your Intern configuration, using the username and accessKey keys.
// ...
tunnelOptions: {
username: '<your username>',
accessKey: '<your access key>'
},
// ...However, keep in mind that putting this information in the configuration exposes your username and access key to others.
If everything was done correctly, you should see the results of the test run being output to your terminal:
Listening on 0.0.0.0:9000
Starting tunnel...
...
Ready
Initialised internet explorer 9 on WINDOWS
Initialised internet explorer 11 on WINDOWS
Initialised internet explorer 10 on WINDOWS
=============================== Coverage summary ===============================
Statements : 100% ( 4/4 )
Branches : 100% ( 2/2 )
Functions : 100% ( 2/2 )
Lines : 100% ( 4/4 )
================================================================================
internet explorer 9 on WINDOWS: 0/2 tests failed
...
Initialised firefox 28.0 on XP
Initialised firefox 28.0 on LINUX
Initialised firefox 28.0 on MAC
=============================== Coverage summary ===============================
Statements : 100% ( 4/4 )
Branches : 100% ( 2/2 )
Functions : 100% ( 2/2 )
Lines : 100% ( 4/4 )
================================================================================
firefox 28.0 on XP: 0/2 tests failed
...
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
File | % Stmts |% Branches | % Funcs | % Lines |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
app/ | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
hello.js | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
All files | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
TOTAL: tested 11 platforms, 0/22 tests failed
In addition to test results, the runner also provides information on how much of your application’s code was actually tested. In the case of our demo app, we’re executing 100% of our available application code, which is an outstanding level of coverage. A future tutorial will describe how you can get more detailed information about which parts of your code remain untested by using the lcovhtml reporter. For now, you can learn a bit more from the Using Reporters documentation.
Whenever you need to run a full test against all platforms, use the test runner. When you are in the process of writing your tests and want to check them for correctness more quickly, you can either use just the Node.js client (for unit tests only) or create an alternate configuration file that only tests against a single local platform, like your local copy of Chrome or Firefox (for all tests, including functional tests).
If you are in the process of writing tests and don’t want to create an entirely new configuration file, but just want to load a certain test module, you can specify it on the command-line using Intern’s suites option:
./node_modules/.bin/intern-client config=tests/intern suites=tests/helloIn this case, instead of loading suites from our configuration file’s suites array, only the tests/hello module would be loaded and executed. Note that this only modifies the list of unit test suites; the ability to modify functional tests is coming soon.
When you start testing your actual application, it’s a good idea to use the test runner in conjunction with a continuous integration service like Travis CI or Jenkins so you know that the code in your repository is passing its tests at all times, and so you can monitor your code coverage figures. Instructions are availble for using Intern with Travis CI, Jenkins, and TeamCity.
If you’d like a complete working copy of this project with Intern already configured and the tests already written, download the completed-tutorial branch. If you have any questions, please let us know. Pull requests to enhance this tutorial are also accepted.
Happy testing!