The cvAUC R package provides a computationally efficient means of estimating confidence intervals (or variance) of cross-validated Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) estimates. This allows you to generate confidence intervals in seconds, compared to other techniques that are many orders of magnitude slower.
In binary classification problems, the AUC is commonly used to evaluate the performance of a prediction model. Often, it is combined with cross-validation in order to assess how the results will generalize to an independent data set. In order to evaluate the quality of an estimate for cross-validated AUC, we obtain an estimate of its variance.
For massive data sets, the process of generating a single performance estimate can be computationally expensive. Additionally, when using a complex prediction method, the process of cross-validating a predictive model on even a relatively small data set can still require a large amount of computation time. Thus, in many practical settings, the bootstrap is a computationally intractable approach to variance estimation. As an alternative to the bootstrap, a computationally efficient influence curve based approach to obtaining a variance estimate for cross-validated AUC can be used.
The primary functions of the package are ci.cvAUC() and ci.pooled.cvAUC(), which report cross-validated AUC and compute confidence intervals for cross-validated AUC estimates based on influence curves for i.i.d. and pooled repeated measures data, respectively. One benefit to using influence curve based confidence intervals is that they require much less computation time than bootstrapping methods. The utility functions, AUC() and cvAUC(), are simple wrappers for functions from the ROCR package.
Erin LeDell, Maya L. Petersen & Mark J. van der Laan, "Computationally Efficient Confidence Intervals for Cross-validated Area Under the ROC Curve Estimates." (Electronic Journal of Statistics)
- Open access article: https://doi.org/10.1214/15-EJS1035
You can install:
-
The latest released version from CRAN with:
install.packages("cvAUC") -
The latest development version from GitHub with:
remotes::install_github("ledell/cvAUC")
Here is a demo of how you can use the package, along with some benchmarks of the speed of the method. For a simpler example that runs faster, you can check out the help files for the various functions inside the R package.
In this example of the ci.cvAUC() function, we do the following:
-
Load an i.i.d. data set with a binary outcome.
-
We will use 10-fold cross-validation, so we need to divide the indices randomly into 10 folds. In this step, we stratify the folds by the outcome variable. Stratification is not necessary, but is commonly performed in order to create validation folds with similar distributions. This information is stored in a 10-element list called
folds. Below, the function that creates the folds is called.cvFolds. -
For the vth iteration of the cross-validation (CV) process, fit a model on the training data (i.e. observations in folds
{1,...,10}\v) and then using this saved fit, generate predicted values for the observations in the vth validation fold. The.doFit()function below does this procedure. In this example, we use the Random Forest algorithm. -
Next, the
.doFit()function is applied across all 10 folds to generate the predicted values for the observations in each validation fold. -
These predicted values are stored in vector called
predictions, in the original order of the training observations.. -
Lastly, we use the
ci.cvAUC()function to calculate CV AUC and to generate a 95% confidence interval for this CV AUC estimate.
First, we define a few utility functions:
.cvFolds <- function(Y, V){
# Create CV folds (stratify by outcome)
Y0 <- split(sample(which(Y==0)), rep(1:V, length = length(which(Y==0))))
Y1 <- split(sample(which(Y==1)), rep(1:V, length = length(which(Y==1))))
folds <- vector("list", length = V)
for (v in seq(V)) {folds[[v]] <- c(Y0[[v]], Y1[[v]])}
return(folds)
}
.doFit <- function(v, folds, train, y){
# Train & test a model; return predicted values on test samples
set.seed(v)
ycol <- which(names(train) == y)
params <- list(x = train[-folds[[v]], -ycol],
y = as.factor(train[-folds[[v]], ycol]),
xtest = train[folds[[v]], -ycol])
fit <- do.call(randomForest, params)
pred <- fit$test$votes[,2]
return(pred)
}This function will execute the example:
iid_example <- function(train, y = "response", V = 10, seed = 1) {
# Create folds
set.seed(seed)
folds <- .cvFolds(Y = train[,c(y)], V = V)
# Generate CV predicted values
cl <- makeCluster(detectCores())
registerDoParallel(cl)
predictions <- foreach(v = 1:V, .combine = "c",
.packages = c("randomForest"),
.export = c(".doFit")) %dopar% .doFit(v, folds, train, y)
stopCluster(cl)
predictions[unlist(folds)] <- predictions
# Get CV AUC and 95% confidence interval
runtime <- system.time(res <- ci.cvAUC(predictions = predictions,
labels = train[,c(y)],
folds = folds,
confidence = 0.95))
print(runtime)
return(res)
}Load a sample binary outcome training set into R with 10,000 rows:
train_csv <- "https://erin-data.s3.amazonaws.com/higgs/higgs_train_10k.csv"
train <- read.csv(train_csv, header = TRUE, sep = ",")Run the example:
library(randomForest)
library(doParallel) # to speed up the model training in the example
library(cvAUC)
res <- iid_example(train = train, y = "response", V = 10, seed = 1)
# user system elapsed
# 0.096 0.005 0.102
print(res)
# $cvAUC
# [1] 0.7818224
#
# $se
# [1] 0.004531916
#
# $ci
# [1] 0.7729400 0.7907048
#
# $confidence
# [1] 0.95For the example above (10,000 observations), it took ~0.1 seconds to calculate the cross-validated AUC and the influence curve based confidence intervals. This was benchmarked on a 3.1 GHz Intel Core i7 processor using cvAUC package version 1.1.3.
For bigger (i.i.d.) training sets, here are a few rough benchmarks:
- 100,000 observations: ~0.4 seconds
- 1 million observations: ~5.0 seconds
To try it on bigger datasets yourself, feel free to replace the 10k-row training csv with either of these files here:
train_csv <- "https://erin-data.s3.amazonaws.com/higgs/higgs_train_100k.csv"
train_csv <- "https://erin-data.s3.amazonaws.com/higgs/higgs_train_1M.csv"