aiohttp_cors: A Python repository from lemming

CORS support for aiohttp

aiohttp_cors library implements Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) support for aiohttp asyncio-powered asynchronous HTTP server.

Jump directly to Usage part to see how to use aiohttp_cors.

Same-origin policy

Web security model is tightly connected to Same-origin policy (SOP). In short: web pages cannot Read resources which origin doesn't match origin of requested page, but can Embed (or Execute) resources and have limited ability to Write resources.

Origin of a page is defined in the Standard as tuple (schema, host, port) (there is a notable exception with Internet Explorer: it doesn't use port to define origin, but uses it's own Security Zones).

Can Embed means that resource from other origin can be embedded into the page, e.g. by using <script src="...">, <img src="...">, <iframe src="...">.

Cannot Read means that resource from other origin source cannot be obtained by page (source — any information that would allow to reconstruct resource). E.g. the page can Embed image with <img src="...">, but it can't get information about specific pixels, so page can't reconstruct original image (though some information from the other resource may still be leaked: e.g. the page can read embedded image dimensions).

Limited ability to Write means, that the page can send POST requests to other origin with limited set of Content-Type values and headers.

Restriction to Read resource from other origin is related to authentication mechanism that is used by browsers: when browser reads (downloads) resource he automatically sends all security credentials that user previously authorized for that resource (e.g. cookies, HTTP Basic Authentication).

For example, if Read would be allowed and user is authenticated in some internet banking, malicious page would be able to embed internet banking page with iframe (since authentication is done by the browser it may be embedded as if user is directly navigated to internet banking page), then read user private information by reading source of the embedded page (which may be not only source code, but, for example, screenshot of the embedded internet banking page).

Cross-origin resource sharing

Cross-origin Resource Sharing (CORS) allows to override SOP for specific resources.

In short, CORS works in the following way.

When page https://client.example.com request (Read) resource https://server.example.com/resource that have other origin, browser implicitly appends Origin: https://client.example.com header to the HTTP request, effectively requesting server to give read permission for the resource to the https://client.example.com page:

GET /resource HTTP/1.1
Origin: https://client.example.com
Host: server.example.com

If server allows access from the page to the resource, it responds with resource with Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://client.example.com HTTP header (optionally allowing exposing custom server headers to the page and enabling use of the user credentials on the server resource):

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://client.example.com
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Expose-Headers: X-Server-Header

Browser checks, if server responded with proper Access-Control-Allow-Origin header and accordingly allows or denies access for the obtained resource to the page.

CORS specification designed in a way that servers that are not aware of CORS will not expose any additional information, except allowed by the SOP.

To request resources with custom headers or using custom HTTP methods (e.g. PUT, DELETE) that are not allowed by SOP, CORS-enabled browser first send preflight request to the resource using OPTIONS method, in which he queries access to the resource with specific method and headers:

OPTIONS / HTTP/1.1
Origin: https://client.example.com
Access-Control-Request-Method: PUT
Access-Control-Request-Headers: X-Client-Header

CORS-enabled server responds is requested method is allowed and which of the specified headers are allowed:

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://client.example.com
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Allow-Methods: PUT
Access-Control-Allow-Headers: X-Client-Header
Access-Control-Max-Age: 3600

Browser checks response to preflight request, and, if actual request allowed, does actual request.

Installation

You can install aiohttp_cors as a typical Python library from PyPI or from git:

$ pip install aiohttp_cors

Note that aiohttp_cors requires versions of Python >= 3.4.1 and aiohttp >= 0.18.0.

Usage

To use aiohttp_cors you need to configure the application and enable CORS on routes of resources that you want to expose:

import asyncio
from aiohttp import web
import aiohttp_cors

@asyncio.coroutine
def handler(request):
    return web.Response(
        text="Hello!",
        headers={
            "X-Custom-Server-Header": "Custom data",
        })

app = web.Application()

# `aiohttp_cors.setup` returns `aiohttp_cors.CorsConfig` instance.
# The `cors` instance will store CORS configuration for the
# application.
cors = aiohttp_cors.setup(app)

# To enable CORS processing for specific route you need to add
# that route to the CORS configuration object and specify it's
# CORS options.
cors.add(
    app.router.add_route("GET", "/hello", handler), {
        "http://client.example.org": aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(
            allow_credentials=True,
            expose_headers=("X-Custom-Server-Header",),
            allow_headers=("X-Requested-With", "Content-Type"),
            max_age=3600,
        )
    })

Each route has it's own CORS configuration passed in CorsConfig.add() method. CORS configuration is a mapping from origins to options for that origins.

In the example above CORS is configured for the resource under path /hello and HTTP method GET, and in the context of CORS:

This resource will be available using CORS only to http://client.example.org origin.
Passing of credentials to this resource will be allowed.
The resource will expose to the client X-Custom-Server-Header server header.
The client will be allowed to pass X-Requested-With and Content-Type headers to the server.
Preflight requests will be allowed to be cached by client for 3600 seconds.

Resource will be available only to the explicitly specified origins. You can specify "all other origins" using special * origin:

cors.add(route, {
        "*":
            aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(allow_credentials=False),
        "http://client.example.org":
            aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(allow_credentials=True),
    })

Here the resource specified by route will be available to all origins with disallowed credentials passing, and with allowed credentials passing only to http://client.example.org.

By default ResourceOptions will be constructed without any allowed CORS options. This means, that resource will be available using CORS to specified origin, but client will not be allowed to send either credentials, or send non-simple headers, or read from server non-simple headers.

To enable sending or receiving all headers you can specify special value * instead of sequence of headers:

cors.add(route, {
        "http://client.example.org":
            aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(
                expose_headers="*",
                allow_headers="*"),
    })

You can specify default CORS-enabled resource options using aiohttp_cors.setup()'s defaults argument:

cors = aiohttp_cors.setup(app, defaults={
        # Allow all to read all CORS-enabled resources from
        # http://client.example.org.
        "http://client.example.org": aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(),
    })

# Enable CORS on resources.

# According to defaults POST and PUT will be available only to
# "http://client.example.org".
cors.add(app.router.add_route("POST", "/hello", handler_post))
cors.add(app.router.add_route("PUT", "/hello", handler_put))

# In addition to "http://client.example.org", GET request will be allowed
# from "http://other-client.example.org" origin.
cors.add(app.router.add_route("GET", "/hello", handler), {
        "http://other-client.example.org"
    })

# CORS will be enabled only on the resources added to `CorsConfig`,
# so following resource will be NOT CORS-enabled.
app.router.add_route("GET", "/private", handler))

Here is an example of how to enable CORS for all origins with all CORS features:

cors = aiohttp_cors.setup(app, defaults={
    "*": aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(
            allow_credentials=True,
            expose_headers="*",
            allow_headers="*",
        )
})

# Add all resources to `CorsConfig`.
cors.add(app.router.add_route("GET", "/hello", handler_get))
cors.add(app.router.add_route("PUT", "/hello", handler_put))
cors.add(app.router.add_route("POST", "/hello", handler_put))
cors.add(app.router.add_route("DELETE", "/hello", handler_delete))

Also you can enable CORS for all added routes by accessing routes list in router:

# Setup application routes.
app.router.add_route("GET", "/hello", handler_get)
app.router.add_route("PUT", "/hello", handler_put)
app.router.add_route("POST", "/hello", handler_put)
app.router.add_route("DELETE", "/hello", handler_delete)

# Configure default CORS settings.
cors = aiohttp_cors.setup(app, defaults={
    "*": aiohttp_cors.ResourceOptions(
            allow_credentials=True,
            expose_headers="*",
            allow_headers="*",
        )
})

# Configure CORS on all routes.
for route in list(app.router.routes()):
    cors.add(route)

Security

TODO: fill this

Development

To setup development environment:

# Clone sources repository:
git clone https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp_cors.git .
# Create and activate virtual Python environment:
python3 -m venv env
source env/bin/activate
# Install requirements and aiohttp_cors into virtual environment
pip install -r requirements-dev.txt

To run tests:

tox

To run only runtime tests in current environment:

py.test

To run only static code analysis checks:

tox -e check

Running Selenium tests

To run Selenium tests with Firefox web driver you need to install Firefox.

To run Selenium tests with Chromium web driver you need to:

Install Chrome driver. On Ubuntu 14.04 it's in chromium-chromedriver package.
Either add chromedriver to PATH or set WEBDRIVER_CHROMEDRIVER_PATH environment variable to chromedriver, e.g. on Ubuntu 14.04 WEBDRIVER_CHROMEDRIVER_PATH=/usr/lib/chromium-browser/chromedriver.

Release process

Prerequisites:

Install fresh versions of setuptools and pip. Install wheel for building wheels. Install twine for uploading to PyPI.
```
pip install -U pip setuptools twine wheel
```
Configure PyPI credentials in ~/.pypirc.

To release version vA.B.C from the current version of master branch you need to:

Create local branch vA.B.C.
In CHANGES.rst set release date to today.
In aiohttp_cors/__about__.py change version from A.B.Ca0 to A.B.C.
Create pull request with vA.B.C branch, wait for all checks to successfully finish (Travis and Appveyor).
Merge pull request to master.
Update and checkout master branch.

Build distribution:

rm -rf build dist; python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel

Upload new release to PyPI:
```
twine upload dist/*
```
Create and push tag for release version to GitHub:
```
git tag vA.B.C
git push --tags
```
Edit release description on GitHub if needed.
Announce new release on the aio-libs mailing list: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/aio-libs.

Post release steps:

In CHANGES.rst add template for the next release.
In aiohttp_cors/__about__.py change version from A.B.C to A.(B + 1).0a0.

Bugs

Please report bugs, issues, feature requests, etc. on GitHub.

License

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, see LICENSE file for details.

lemming/aiohttp_cors