-=- MUMmer3.x README -=- ** NOTE ** A comprehensive HTML user manual is available in the docs/web/manual subdirectory or at http://mummer.sourceforge.net/manual MUMmer is now an open source package! Please contact us if you would like to contribute to the MUMmer project. For more information or the latest release please visit the MUMmer homepage at http://mummer.sourceforge.net Please refer to the INSTALL file for installation instructions. This file contains brief descriptions of all executables in the base directory and general information about the MUMmer package. -- DESCRIPTION -- MUMmer is a system for rapidly aligning entire genomes. The current version (release 3.0) can find all 20 base pair maximal exact matches between two bacterial genomes of ~5 million base pairs each in 20 seconds, using 90 MB of memory, on a typical 1.8 GHz Linux desktop computer. MUMmer can also align incomplete genomes; it handles the 100s or 1000s of contigs from a shotgun sequencing project with ease, and will align them to another set of contigs or a genome, using the nucmer utility included with the system. The promer utility takes this a step further by generating alignments based upon the six-frame translations of both input sequences. promer permits the alignment of genomes for which the proteins are similar but the DNA sequence is too divergent to detect similarity. See the nucmer and promer readme files in the "docs/" subdirectory for more details. MUMmer is open source, so all we ask is that you cite our most recent paper in any publications that use this system: (Version 3.0 described) Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. S. Kurtz, A. Phillippy, A.L. Delcher, M. Smoot, M. Shumway, C. Antonescu, and S.L. Salzberg. Genome Biology (2004), 5:R12. (Version 2.1 described) Fast algorithms for large-scale genome alignment and comparison. A.L. Delcher. A. Phillippy, J. Carlton, and S.L. Salzberg. Nucleic Acids Research 30:11 (2002), 2478-2483. (Version 1.0 described) Alignment of Whole Genomes. A.L. Delcher, S. Kasif, R.D. Fleischmann, J. Peterson, O. White, and S.L. Salzberg. Nucleic Acids Research, 27:11 (1999), 2369-2376. -- RUNNING MUMmer3.0 -- MUMmer3.0 is comprised of many various utilities and scripts. For general purposes, the scripts "run-mummer1", "run-mummer3", "nucmer", and "promer" will be all that is needed. See their descriptions in the "RUNNING THE MUMmer SCRIPTS" section, or refer to their individual documentation in the "docs/" subdirectory. Refer to the "RUNNING THE MUMmer UTILITIES" section for a brief description of all of the utilities in this directory. Simple use case: Given a file containing a single reference sequence (ref.seq) in FASTA format and another file containing multiple sequences in FastA format (qry.seq) type the following at the command line: './nucmer -p <prefix> ref.seq qry.seq' To produce the following files: <prefix>.delta or './run-mummer3.csh ref.seq qry.seq <prefix>' To produce the following files: <prefix>.out <prefix>.gaps <prefix>.align <prefix>.errorsgaps Please read the utility-specific documentation in the "docs/" subdirectory for descriptions of these files and information on how to change the alignment parameters for the scripts (minimum match length, etc.), or see the notes below in the "RUNNING THE MUMmer SCRIPTS" section for a brief explanation. To see a simple gnuplot output, if you have gnuplot installed, run the perl script 'mummerplot' on the output files. This script can be run on mummer output (.out), or nucmer/promer output (.delta). Edit the <prefix>.gp file that is created to change colors, line thicknesses, etc. or explore the <prefix>.[fr]plot file to see the data collection. './mummerplot -p <prefix> <prefix>.out' Or you can use the web viewer for completed microbial genomes: http://www.tigr.org/CMR -- RUNNING THE MUMmer SCRIPTS -- Because of MUMmer's modular design, it may be necessary to use a number of separate programs to produce the desired output. The MUMmer scripts attempt to simplify this process by wrapping various utilities into packages that can perform standard alignment requests. Listed below are brief descriptions and usage definitions for these scripts. Please refer to the "docs/" subdirectory for a more detailed description of each script. ** nucmer ** DESCRIPTION: nucmer is for the all-vs-all comparison of nucleotide sequences contained in multi-FastA data files. It is best used for highly similar sequence that may have large rearrangements. Common use cases are: comparing two unfinished shotgun sequencing assemblies, mapping an unfinished sequencing assembly to a finished genome, and comparing two fairly similar genomes that may have large rearrangements and duplications. Please refer to "docs/nucmer.README" for more information regarding this script and its output, or type 'nucmer -h' for a list of its options. USAGE: nucmer [options] <reference> <query> [options] type 'nucmer -h' for a list of options. <reference> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the reference sequences, to be aligned with the queries. <query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the query sequences, to be aligned with the references. OUTPUT: out.delta the delta encoded alignments between the reference and query sequences. This file can be parsed with any of the show-* programs which are described in the "RUNNING THE MUMmer UTILITIES" section. NOTES: All output coordinates reference the forward strand of the involved sequence, regardless of the match direction. Also, nucmer now uses only matches that are unique in the reference sequence by default, use the '--mum' or '--maxmatch' options to change this behavior. ** promer ** DESCRIPTION: promer is for the protein level, all-vs-all comparison of nucleotide sequences contained in multi-FastA data files. The nucleotide input files are translated in all 6 reading frames and then aligned to one another via the same methods as nucmer. It is best used for highly divergent sequences that may have moderate to high similarity on the protein level. Common use cases are: identifying syntenic regions between highly divergent genomes, comparative genome annotation i.e. using an already annotated genome to help in the annotation of a newly sequenced genome, and the general comparison of two fairly divergent genomes that have large rearrangements and may only be similar on the protein level. Please refer to "docs/promer.README" for more information regarding this script and its output, or type 'promer -h' for a list of its options. USAGE: promer [options] <reference> <query> [options] type 'promer -h' for a list of options. <reference> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the reference sequences, to be aligned with the queries. <query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the query sequences, to be aligned with the references. OUTPUT: out.delta the delta encoded alignments between the reference and query sequences. This file can be parsed with any of the show-* programs which are described in the "RUNNING THE MUMmer UTILITIES" section. NOTES: All output coordinates reference the forward strand of the involved sequence, regardless of the match direction, and are measured in nucleotides with the exception of the delta integers which are measured in amino acids (1 delta int = 3 nucleotides). Also, promer now uses only matches that are unique in the reference sequence by default, use the '--mum' or '--maxmatch' options to change this behavior. ** run-mummer1 ** DESCRIPTION: This script is taken directly from MUMmer1.0 and is best used to align two sequences in which there is high similarity and no re- arrangements. Common use cases are: aligning two finished bacterial chromosomes. Please refer to "docs/run-mummer1.README" for the original documentation for this script and its output. USAGE: run-mummer1 <seq1> <seq2> <tag> [-r] <seq1> specifies the file with the first sequence in FastA format. No more than one sequence is allowed. <seq2> specifies the file with the second sequence in FastA format. No more than one sequence is allowed. <tag> specifies the prefix to be used for the output files. [-r] is an optional parameter that will reverse complement the second sequence. OUTPUT: out.align the out.gaps file interspersed with the alignments of the gaps. out.errorsgaps the out.gaps file with an extra column stating the number of errors contained in each gap. out.gaps an ordered (clustered) list of matches with position information, and gap distances between each match. out.out a list of all maximal unique matches between the two input sequences ordered by their start position in the second sequence. NOTES: All output coordinates reference their respective strand. This means that if the -r switch is active, coordinates that reference the second sequence will be relative to the reverse complement of the second sequence. Please use nucmer or promer if this coordinate system is confusing. Eventually, this script's components will be rewritten to work with the new MUMmer format standards and phased out in favor of the new components and wrapping script. ** run-mummer3 ** DESCRIPTION: This script is the improved version of the MUMmer1.0 run-mummer1 script. It uses a new clustering algorithm that appropriately handles multiple sequence rearrangements and inversions. Because of this, it can handle more divergent sequences better than run-mummer1. In addition, it allows a multi-FastA query file for 1-vs-many sequence comparisons. Please refer to "docs/run-mummer3.README" for more detailed documentation of this script and its output. USAGE: run-mummer3 <reference> <query> <prefix> <reference> specifies the file with the reference sequence in FastA format. No more than one sequence is allowed. <query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the query sequences. <prefix> specifies the file prefix for the output files. OUTPUT: out.align the out.gaps file interspersed with the alignments of the gaps. out.errorsgaps the out.gaps file with an extra column stating the number of errors contained in each gap. out.gaps an ordered (clustered) list of matches with position information, and gap distances between each match. out.out a list of all maximal unique matches between the two input sequences ordered by their start position in the second sequence. NOTES: All output coordinates reference their respective strand. This means that for all reverse matches, the coordinates that reference the query sequence will be relative to the reverse complement of the query sequence. Please use nucmer or promer if this coordinate system is confusing. ** dnadiff ** DESCRIPTION: This script is a wrapper around nucmer that builds an alignment using default parameters, and runs many of nucmer's helper scripts to process the output and report alignment statistics, SNPs, breakpoints, etc. It is designed for evaluating the sequence and structural similarity of two highly similar sequence sets. E.g. comparing two different assemblies of the same organism, or comparing two strains of the same species. Please refer to "docs/dnadiff.README" for more information regarding this script and its output, or type 'dnadiff -h' for a list of its options. USAGE: dnadiff [options] <reference> <query> or dnadiff [options] -d <delta file> <reference> Set the input reference multi-FASTA filename <query> Set the input query multi-FASTA filename or <delta file> Unfiltered .delta alignment file from nucmer OUTPUT: .report - Summary of alignments, differences and SNPs .delta - Standard nucmer alignment output .1delta - 1-to-1 alignment from delta-filter -1 .mdelta - M-to-M alignment from delta-filter -m .1coords - 1-to-1 coordinates from show-coords -THrcl .1delta .mcoords - M-to-M coordinates from show-coords -THrcl .mdelta .snps - SNPs from show-snps -rlTHC .1delta .rdiff - Classified ref breakpoints from show-diff -rH .mdelta .qdiff - Classified qry breakpoints from show-diff -qH .mdelta .unref - Unaligned reference IDs and lengths (if applicable) .unqry - Unaligned query IDs and lengths (if applicable) NOTES: The report file generated by this script can be useful for comparing the differences between two similar genomes or assemblies. The other outputs generated by this script are in unlabeled tabular format, so please refer to the utility specific documentation for interpreting them. A full description of the report file is given in "docs/dnadiff.README". -- RUNNING THE MUMmer UTILITIES -- The MUMmer package consists of various utilities that can interact with the 'mummer' program. 'mummer' performs all maximal and maximal unique matching, and all other utilities were designed to process the input and output of this program and its related scripts, in order to extract additional information from the output. Listed below are the descriptions and usage definitions for these utilities. ** annotate ** DESCRIPTION: This program reads the output of the 'gaps' program and adds alignment information to it. Part of the original MUMmer1.0 pipeline and can only be used on the output of the 'gaps' program. USAGE: annotate <gapsfile> <seq2> <gapsfile> the output of the 'gaps' program. <seq2> the file containing the second sequence in the comparison. OUTPUT: stdout the 'gaps' output interspersed with the alignments of the gaps between adjacent MUMs. An alignment of a gap comes after the second MUM defining the gap, and alignment errors are marked with a '^' character. witherrors.gaps the 'gaps' output with an appended column that lists the number of alignment errors for each gap. NOTES: This program will eventually be dropped in favor of the combineMUMs or nucmer match extenders, but persists for the time being. ** combineMUMs ** DESCRIPTION: This program reads the output of the 'mgaps' program and adds alignment information to it. Part of the MUMmer3.0 pipeline and can only be used on the output of the 'mgaps' program. This -D option alters this behavior and only outputs the positions of difference, e.g. SNPs. USAGE: combineMUMs [options] <reference> <query> <mgapsfile> [options] type 'combineMUMs -h' for a list of options. <reference> the FastA reference file used in the comparison. <query> the multi-FastA reference file used in the comparison. <mgapsfile> the output of the 'mgaps' program run on the match list produced by 'mummer' for the reference and query files. OUTPUT: stdout the 'mgaps' output interspersed with the alignments of the gaps between adjacent MUMs. An alignment of a gap comes after the second MUM defining the gap, and alignment errors are marked with a '^' character. At the end of each cluster is a summary line (keyword "Region") noting the bounds of the cluster in the reference and query sequences, the total number of errors for the region, the length of the region and the percent error of the region. witherrors.gaps the 'mgaps' output with an appended column that lists the number of alignment errors for each gap. ** delta-filter ** DESCRIPTION: This program filters a delta alignment file produced by either nucmer or promer, leaving only the desired alignments which are output to stdout in the same delta format as the input. Its primary function is the LIS algorithm which calculates the longest increasing subset of alignments. This allows for the calculation of a global set of alignments (i.e. 1-to-1 and mutually consistent order) with the -g option or locally consistent with -1 or -m. Reference sequences can be mapped to query sequences with -r, or queries to references with -q. This allows the user to exclude chance and repeat induced alignments, leaving only the "best" alignments between the two data sets. Filtering can also be performed on length, identity, and uniquenes. USAGE: delta-filter [options] <deltafile> [options] type 'delta-filter -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer. OUTPUT: stdout The same delta alignment format as output by nucmer and promer. NOTES: For most cases the -m option is recommended, however -1 is useful for applications that require a 1-to-1 mapping, such as SNP finding. Use the -q option for mapping query contigs to their best reference location. ** exact-tandems ** DESCRIPTION: This script finds exact tandem repeats in a specified FastA sequence file. It is a post-processor for 'repeat-match' and provides a simple interface and output for tandem repeat detection. USAGE: exact-tandems <file> <min match> <file> the single sequence in FastA format to search for repeats. <min match> the minimum match length for the tandems. OUTPUT: stdout 4 columns, the start of the tandem repeat, the total extent of the repeat region, the length of each repetitive unit, and to total copies of the repetitive unit involved. ** gaps ** DESCRIPTION: This program reads a list of unique matches between two strings and outputs the longest consistent set of matches, followed by all the other matches. Part of the MUMmer1.0 pipeline and the output of the 'mummer' program needs to be processed (to strip all non-match lines) before it can be passed to this program. USAGE: gaps <seq1> [-r] < <matchlist> <seq1> The first sequence file that the match list represents. <matchlist> A simple list of matches and NO header lines or other mumbo jumbo. The columns of the match list should be start in the reference, start in the query, and length of the match. [-r] Simply puts the string "reverse" on the header of the output so 'annotate' knows to reverse the second sequence. OUTPUT: stdout an ordered set of the input matches, separated by headers. The first set is the longest consistent set of matches and the second set is all other matches. NOTES: This program will eventually be rewritten to be interchangeable with 'mgaps', so that it may be plugged into the nucmer or promer pipelines. ** mapview ** DESCRIPTION: mapview is a utility program for displaying sequence alignments as provided by MUMmer, nucmer or promer. This program takes the output from these alignment routines and converts it to a FIG, PDF or PS file for visual analysis. It can also break the output into multiple files for easier viewing and printing. Please refer to "docs/mapview.README" for a more detailed description and explination. USAGE: mapview [options] <coords file> [UTR coords] [CDS coords] [options] type 'mapview -h' for a list of options. <coords file> show-coords output file [UTR coords] UTR coordinate file in GFF format [CDS coords] CDS coordinate file in GFF format OUTPUT: Default output format is an xfig file, however this can be changed to a postscript of PDF file with the -f option. See 'mapview -h' for a list of available formatting options. NOTES: The produce the coords file input, 'show-coords' must be run with the -r -l options. To reduce redundant matches in promer output, run show-coords with the -k option. To generate output formats other than xfig, the fig2dev utility must be available from the system path. For very large reference genomes, FIG format may be the only option that will allow the entire display to be stored in one file, as fig2dev has problems if the output is too large. ** mgaps ** DESCRIPTION: This program reads a list of matches between a single-FastA reference and a multi-FastA query file and outputs clusters of matches that lie on similar diagonals and within a reasonable distance. Part of the MUMmer3.0 pipeline and the output of 'mummer' need not be processed before passing it to this program, so long as 'mummer' was run on a 1-vs-many or 1-vs-1 dataset. USAGE: mgaps [options] < <matchlist> [options] type 'mgaps -h' for a list of options. <matchlist> A list of matches separated by their sequence FastA tags. The columns of the match list should be start in reference, start in query, and length of the match. OUTPUT: stdout An ordered set of the input matches, separated by headers. Individual clusters are separated by a '#' character and sets of clusters from different sequences are separated by the FastA header tag for the query sequence. NOTES: It is often very helpful to adjust the clustering parameters. Check 'mgaps -h' for the list of parameters and check the source for a better idea of how each parameter affects the result. Often, it is helpful to run this program a number of times with different parameters until the desired result is achieved. ** mummer ** DESCRIPTION: This is the core program of the MUMmer package. It is the suffix-tree based match finding routine, and the main part of every MUMmer script. For a detailed manual describing how to use this program, please refer to "docs/maxmat3man.pdf" or in LaTeX format "docs/maxmat3man.tex". By default, 'mummer' now finds maximal matches regardless of their uniqueness. Limiting the output to only unique matches can be specified as a command line switch. USAGE: mummer [options] <reference> <query> ... [options] type 'mummer -help' for a list of options. <reference> specifies the single or multi-FastA sequence file that contains the reference sequence(s), to be aligned with the queries. <query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains the query sequences, to be aligned with the references. Multiple query files are allowed, up to 32. OUTPUT: stdout a list of exact matches. Varies depending on input, refer to the manual specified in the description above. NOTES: Many thanks to Stefan Kurtz for the latest mummer version. 'mummer' now behaves like the old 'mummer2' program by default. The -mum switch forces it to behave like 'mummer1', the -mumreference switch forces it to behave like 'mummer2' while the -maxmatch switch forces it to behave like the old 'max-match' program. ** mummerplot ** DESCRIPTION: mummerplot is a perl script that generates gnuplot scripts and data collections for plotting with the gnuplot utility. It can generate 2-d dotplots and 1-d coverage plots for the output of mummer, nucmer, promer or show-tiling. It can also color dotplots with an identity color gradient. USAGE: mummerplot [options] <matchfile> [options] type 'mummerplot -h' for a list of options. <matchfile> the output of 'mummer', 'nucmer', 'promer', or 'show-tiling'. 'mummerplot' will automatically determine the format of the data it was given and produce the plot accordingly. OUTPUT: out.gp The gnuplot script, type 'gnuplot out.gp' to evaluate the the gnuplot script. out.fplot out.rplot out.hplot The forward, reverse and highlighted match information for plotting with gnuplot. out.ps out.png The plotted image file, postscript or png depending on the selected terminal type. NOTES: For alignments with multiple reference or query sequences, be sure to use the -r -q or -R -Q options to avoid overlaying multiple plots in the same space. For better looking color gradient plots, try the postscript terminal and avoid the png terminal. ** nucmer2xfig ** DESCRIPTION: Script for plotting nucmer hits against a reference sequence. See top of script for more information, or see if 'mummerplot' or 'mapview' has the functionality required as they are properly maintained. ** repeat-match ** DESCRIPTION: Finds exact repeats within a single sequence. USAGE: repeat-match [options] <seq> [options] type 'repeat-match -h' for a list of options. <seq> the single sequence in FastA format to search for repeats. OUTPUT: stdout 3 columns, the start of the first copy of the repeat, the start of the second copy of the repeat, and the length of the repeat respectively. NOTES: REPuter (freely available for universities) may be better suited for most repeat matching, but 'repeat-match' is open-source and has some functionality that REPuter does not so we include it along with the MUMmer package. ** show-aligns ** DESCRIPTION: This program parses the delta alignment output of nucmer and promer and displays all of the pairwise alignments from the two sequences specified on the command line. USAGE: show-aligns [options] <deltafile> <IdR> <IdQ> [options] type 'show-aligns -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer. <IdR> the FastA header tag of the desired reference sequence. <IdQ> the FastA header tag of the desired query sequence. OUTPUT: stdout each alignment header and footer describes the frame of the alignment in each sequence, and the start and finish (inclusive) of the alignment in each sequence. At the beginning of each line of aligned sequence are two numbers, the top is the coordinate of the first reference base on that line and the bottom is the coordinate of the first query base on that line. ALL coordinates reference the forward strand of the DNA sequence, even if it is a protein alignment. A gap caused by an insertion or deletion is filled with a '.' character. Errors in a DNA alignment are marked with a '^' below the error. Errors in an amino acid alignment are marked with a whitespace in the middle consensus line, while matches are marked with the consensus base and similarities are marked with a '+' in the consensus line. ** show-coords ** DESCRIPTION: This program parses the delta alignment output of nucmer and promer and displays the coordinates, and other useful information about the alignments. USAGE: show-coords [options] <deltafile> [options] type 'show-coords -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer. OUTPUT: stdout run 'show-coords' without the -H option to see the column header tags. Here is a description of each tag. Note that some of the below tags do not apply to nucmer data, and that all coordinates are inclusive and relative to the forward DNA strand. [S1] Start of the alignment region in the reference sequence. [E1] End of the alignment region in the reference sequence. [S2] Start of the alignment region in the query sequence. [E2] End of the alignment region in the query sequence. [LEN 1] Length of the alignment region in the reference sequence, measured in nucleotides. [LEN 2] Length of the alignment region in the query sequence, measured in nucleotides. [% IDY] Percent identity of the alignment, calculated as the (number of exact matches) / ([LEN 1] + insertions in the query). [% SIM] Percent similarity of the alignment, calculated like the above value, but counting positive BLOSUM matrix scores instead of exact matches. [% STP] Percent of stop codons of the alignment, calculated as (number of stop codons) / (([LEN 1] + insertions in the query) * 2). [LEN R] Length of the reference sequence. [LEN Q] Length of the query sequence. [COV R] Percent coverage of the alignment on the reference sequence, calculated as [LEN 1] / [LEN R]. [COV Q] Percent coverage of the alignment on the query sequence, calculated as [LEN 2] / [LEN Q]. [FRM] Reading frame for the reference sequence and the reading frame for the query sequence respectively. This is one of the columns absent from the nucmer data, however, match direction can easily be determined by the start and end coordinates. [TAGS] The reference FastA ID and the query FastA ID. There is also an optional final column (turned on with the -w or -o option) that will contain some 'annotations'. The -o option will annotate alignments that represent overlaps between two sequences, while the -w option is antiquated and should no longer be used. Sometimes, nucmer or promer will extend adjacent clusters past one another, thus causing a somewhat redundant output, this option will notify users of such rare occurrences. NOTES: The -c and -l options are useful when comparing two sets of assembly contigs, in that these options help determine if an alignment spans an entire contig, or is just a partial hit to a different read. The -b option is useful when the user wishes to identify sytenic regions between two genomes, but is not particularly interested in the actual alignment similarity or appearance. This option also disregards match orientation, so should not be used if this information is needed. ** show-diff ** DESCRIPTION: This program classifies alignment breakpoints for the quantification of macroscopic differences between two genomes. It takes a standard, unfiltered delta file as input, determines the best mapping between the two sequence sets, and reports on the breaks in that mapping. USAGE: show-diff [options] <deltafile> [options] type 'show-diff -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from nucmer OUTPUT: stdout Classified breakpoints are output one per line with the following types and column definitions. The first five columns of every row are seq ID, feature type, feature start, feature end, and feature length. Feature Columns IDR GAP gap-start gap-end gap-length-R gap-length-Q gap-diff IDR DUP dup-start dup-end dup-length IDR BRK gap-start gap-end gap-length IDR JMP gap-start gap-end gap-length IDR INV gap-start gap-end gap-length IDR SEQ gap-start gap-end gap-length prev-sequence next-sequence Feature Types [GAP] A gap between two mutually consistent ordered and oriented alignments. gap-length-R is the length of the alignment gap in the reference, gap-length-Q is the length of the alignment gap in the query, and gap-diff is the difference between the two gap lengths. If gap-diff is positive, sequence has been inserted in the reference. If gap-diff is negative, sequence has been deleted from the reference. If both gap-length-R and gap-length-Q are negative, the indel is tandem duplication copy difference. [DUP] A duplicated sequence in the reference that occurs more times in the reference than in the query. The coordinate columns specify the bounds and length of the duplication. These features are often bookended by BRK features if there is unique sequence bounding the duplication. [BRK] An insertion in the reference of unknown origin, that indicates no query sequence aligns to the sequence bounded by gap-start and gap-end. Often found around DUP elements or at the beginning or end of sequences. [JMP] A relocation event, where the consistent ordering of alignments is disrupted. The coordinate columns specify the breakpoints of the relocation in the reference, and the gap-length between them. A negative gap-length indicates the relocation occurred around a repetitive sequence, and a positive length indicates unique sequence between the alignments. [INV] The same as a relocation event, however both the ordering and orientation of the alignments is disrupted. Note that for JMP and INV, generally two features will be output, one for the beginning of the inverted region, and another for the end of the inverted region. [SEQ] A translocation event that requires jumping to a new query sequence in order to continue aligning to the reference. If each input sequence is a chromosome, these features correspond to inter-chromosomal translocations. NOTES: The estimated number of features, take inversions for example, represents the number of breakpoints classified as bordering an inversion. Therefore, since there will be a breakpoint at both the beginning and the end of an inversion, the feature counts are roughly double the number of inversion events. In addition, all counts are estimates and do not represent the exact number of each evolutionary event. Summing the fifth column (ignoring negative values) yeilds an estimate of the total inserted sequence in the reference. Summing the fifth column after removing DUP features yields an estimate of the total amount of unique (unaligned) sequence in the reference. Note that unaligned sequences are not counted, and could represent additional "unique" sequences. Use the 'dnadiff' script if you must recover this information. Finally, the -q option switches references for queries, and uses the query coordinates for the analysis. ** show-snps ** DESCRIPTION: This program reports polymorphism contained in a delta encoded alignment file output by either nucmer or promer. It catalogs all of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions within the delta file alignments. Polymorphisms are reported one per line, in a delimited fashion similar to show-coords. Pairing this program with the appropriate MUMmer tools can create an easy to use SNP pipeline for the rapid identification of putative SNPs between any two sequence sets. USAGE: show-snps [options] <deltafile> [options] type 'show-snps -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer. OUTPUT: stdout Standard output has column headers with the following meanings. Not all columns will be output by default, see 'show-snps -h' for switch to control the output. [P1] SNP position in the reference. [SUB] Character in the reference. [SUB] Character in the query. [P2] SNP position in the query. [BUFF] Distance from this SNP to the nearest mismatch (end of alignment, indel, SNP, etc) in the same alignment. [DIST] Distance from this SNP to the nearest sequence end. [R] Number of repeat alignments which cover this reference position, >0 means repetitive sequence. [Q] Number of repeat alignments which cover this query position, >0 means repetitive sequence. [LEN R] Length of the reference sequence. [LEN Q] Length of the query sequence. [CTX R] Surrounding context sequence in the reference. [CTX Q] Surrounding context sequence in the query. [FRM] Reading frame for the reference sequence and the reading frame for the query sequence respectively. Simply 'forward' 1, or 'reverse' -1 for nucmer data. [TAGS] The reference FastA ID and the query FastA ID. NOTES: It is often helpful to run this with the -C option to assure reported SNPs are only reported from uniquely aligned regions. ** show-tiling ** DESCRIPTION: This program attempts to construct a tiling path out of the query contigs as mapped to the reference sequences. Given the delta alignment information of a few long reference sequences and many small query contigs, 'show-tiling' will determine the best location on a reference for each contig. Note that each contig may only be tiled once, so repetitive regions may cause this program some difficulty. This program is useful for aiding in the scaffolding and closure of an unfinished set of contigs, if a suitable, high similarity, reference genome is available. Or, if using promer, 'show-tiling' will help in the identification of syntenic regions and their contig's mapping the the references. USAGE: show-tiling [options] <deltafile> [options] type 'show-tiling -h' for a list of options. <deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer. OUTPUT: stdout Standard output has 8 columns: start in reference, end in reference, gap between this contig and the next, length of this contig, alignment coverage of this contig, average percent identity of the alignments for this contig, orientation of this contig, contig ID. All matches to a reference are headed by the FASTA tag of that reference. Output with the -a option is the same as 'show-coords -cl' when run on nucmer data. NOTES: When run with the -x option, 'show-tiling' will produce an XML output format that can be accepted by TIGR's open source scaffolding software 'Bambus' as contig linking information. -- CONTACT INFORMATION -- Please address questions and bug reports to: <mummer-help@lists.sourceforge.net> Last Revised May 12, 2005