mch03/llamafile-day0

Distribute and run LLMs with a single file.

llamafile

llamafile lets you distribute and run LLMs with a single file. (announcement blog post)

Our goal is to make open source large language models much more accessible to both developers and end users. We're doing that by combining llama.cpp with Cosmopolitan Libc into one framework that collapses all the complexity of LLMs down to a single-file executable (called a "llamafile") that runs locally on most computers, with no installation.

Quickstart

The easiest way to try it for yourself is to download our example llamafile for the LLaVA model (license: LLaMA 2, OpenAI). LLaVA is a new LLM that can do more than just chat; you can also upload images and ask it questions about them. With llamafile, this all happens locally; no data ever leaves your computer.

1. Download llava-v1.5-7b-q4-server.llamafile (3.97 GB).

2. Open your computer's terminal.

3. If you're using macOS, Linux, or BSD, you'll need to grant permission for your computer to execute this new file. (You only need to do this once.)

chmod +x llava-v1.5-7b-q4-server.llamafile

4. If you're on Windows, rename the file by adding ".exe" on the end.

5. Run the llamafile. e.g.:

./llava-v1.5-7b-q4-server.llamafile

6. Your browser should open automatically and display a chat interface. (If it doesn't, just open your browser and point it at https://localhost:8080.)

7. When you're done chatting, return to your terminal and hit Control-C to shut down llamafile.

Having trouble? See the "Gotchas" section below.

Other example llamafiles

We also provide example llamafiles for other models, so you can easily try out llamafile with different kinds of LLMs.

Model	Size	License	Command-line llamafile	Server llamafile
LLaVA 1.5	3.97 GB	LLaMA 2	llava-v1.5-7b-q4-main.llamafile	llava-v1.5-7b-q4-server.llamafile
Mistral-7B-Instruct	4.07 GB	Apache 2.0	mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1-Q4_K_M-main.llamafile	mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1-Q4_K_M-server.llamafile
Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct	30.03 GB	Apache 2.0	mixtral-8x7b-instruct-v0.1.Q5_K_M.llamafile	mixtral-8x7b-instruct-v0.1.Q5_K_M-server.llamafile
WizardCoder-Python-13B	7.33 GB	LLaMA 2	wizardcoder-python-13b-main.llamafile	wizardcoder-python-13b-server.llamafile

"Server llamafiles" work just like the LLaVA example above: you simply run them from your terminal and then access the chat UI in your web browser at https://localhost:8080.

"Command-line llamafiles" run entirely inside your terminal and operate just like llama.cpp's "main" function. This means you have to provide some command-line parameters, just like with llama.cpp.

Here is an example for the Mistral command-line llamafile:

./mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1-Q4_K_M-main.llamafile --temp 0.7 -p '[INST]Write a story about llamas[/INST]'

And here is an example for WizardCoder-Python command-line llamafile:

./wizardcoder-python-13b-main.llamafile --temp 0 -e -r '```\n' -p '```c\nvoid *memcpy_sse2(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size) {\n'

And here's an example for the LLaVA command-line llamafile:

./llava-v1.5-7b-q4-main.llamafile --temp 0.2 --image lemurs.jpg -e -p '### User: What do you see?\n### Assistant:'

As before, macOS, Linux, and BSD users will need to use the "chmod" command to grant execution permissions to the file before running these llamafiles for the first time.

Unfortunately, Windows users cannot make use of many of these example llamafiles because Windows has a maximum executable file size of 4GB, and all of these examples exceed that size. (The LLaVA llamafile works on Windows because it is 30MB shy of the size limit.) But don't lose heart: llamafile allows you to use external weights; this is described later in this document.

Having trouble? See the "Gotchas" section below.

How llamafile works

A llamafile is an executable LLM that you can run on your own computer. It contains the weights for a given open source LLM, as well as everything needed to actually run that model on your computer. There's nothing to install or configure (with a few caveats, discussed in subsequent sections of this document).

This is all accomplished by combining llama.cpp with Cosmopolitan Libc, which provides some useful capabilities:

1. llamafiles can run on multiple CPU microarchitectures. We added runtime dispatching to llama.cpp that lets new Intel systems use modern CPU features without trading away support for older computers.

2. llamafiles can run on multiple CPU architectures. We do that by concatenating AMD64 and ARM64 builds with a shell script that launches the appropriate one. Our file format is compatible with WIN32 and most UNIX shells. It's also able to be easily converted (by either you or your users) to the platform-native format, whenever required.

3. llamafiles can run on six OSes (macOS, Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD). If you make your own llama files, you'll only need to build your code once, using a Linux-style toolchain. The GCC-based compiler we provide is itself an Actually Portable Executable, so you can build your software for all six OSes from the comfort of whichever one you prefer most for development.

4. The weights for an LLM can be embedded within the llamafile. We added support for PKZIP to the GGML library. This lets uncompressed weights be mapped directly into memory, similar to a self-extracting archive. It enables quantized weights distributed online to be prefixed with a compatible version of the llama.cpp software, thereby ensuring its originally observed behaviors can be reproduced indefinitely.

5. Finally, with the tools included in this project you can create your own llamafiles, using any compatible model weights you want. You can then distribute these llamafiles to other people, who can easily make use of them regardless of what kind of computer they have.

Using llamafile with external weights

Even though our example llamafiles have the weights built-in, you don't have to use llamafile that way. Instead, you can download just the llamafile software (without any weights included) from our releases page. You can then use it alongside any external weights you may have on hand. External weights are particularly useful for Windows users because they enable you to work around Windows' 4GB executable file size limit.

For Windows users, here's an example for the Mistral LLM:

curl -o llamafile.exe https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile/releases/download/0.4/llamafile-server-0.4
curl -o mistral.gguf https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.1-GGUF/resolve/main/mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf
.\llamafile.exe -m mistral.gguf

Here's the same example, but for macOS, Linux, and BSD users:

curl -L https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile/releases/download/0.4/llamafile-server-0.4 >llamafile
curl -L https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.1-GGUF/resolve/main/mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf >mistral.gguf
chmod +x llamafile
./llamafile -m mistral.gguf

Gotchas

On macOS with Apple Silicon you need to have Xcode installed for llamafile to be able to bootstrap itself.

If you use zsh and have trouble running llamafile, try saying sh -c ./llamafile. This is due to a bug that was fixed in zsh 5.9+. The same is the case for Python subprocess, old versions of Fish, etc.

On some Linux systems, you might get errors relating to run-detectors or WINE. This is due to binfmt_misc registrations. You can fix that by adding an additional registration for the APE file format llamafile uses:

sudo wget -O /usr/bin/ape https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/ape-$(uname -m).elf
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/ape
sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"
sudo sh -c "echo ':APE-jart:M::jartsr::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"

As mentioned above, on Windows you may need to rename your llamafile by adding .exe to the filename.

Also as mentioned above, Windows also has a maximum file size limit of 4GB for executables. The LLaVA server executable above is just 30MB shy of that limit, so it'll work on Windows, but with larger models like WizardCoder 13B, you need to store the weights in a separate file. An example is provided above; see "Using llamafile with external weights."

On WSL, it's recommended that the WIN32 interop feature be disabled:

sudo sh -c "echo -1 > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/WSLInterop"

On any platform, if your llamafile process is immediately killed, check if you have CrowdStrike and then ask to be whitelisted.

Supported OSes and CPUs

llamafile supports the following operating systems, which require a minimum stock install:

• Linux 2.6.18+ (ARM64 or AMD64) i.e. any distro RHEL5 or newer
• macOS 15.6+ (ARM64 or AMD64, with GPU only supported on ARM64)
• Windows 8+ (AMD64)
• FreeBSD 13+ (AMD64, GPU should work in theory)
• NetBSD 9.2+ (AMD64, GPU should work in theory)
• OpenBSD 7+ (AMD64, no GPU support)

llamafile supports the following CPUs:

• AMD64 microprocessors must have SSSE3. Otherwise llamafile will print an error and refuse to run. This means that if you have an Intel CPU, it needs to be Intel Core or newer (circa 2006+), and if you have an AMD CPU, then it needs to be Bulldozer or newer (circa 2011+). If you have a newer CPU with AVX, or better yet AVX2, then llamafile will utilize your chipset features to go faster. There is no support for AVX512+ runtime dispatching yet.
• ARM64 microprocessors must have ARMv8a+. This means everything from Apple Silicon to 64-bit Raspberry Pis will work, provided your weights fit into memory.

GPU support

On Apple Silicon, everything should just work if Xcode is installed.

On Windows, GPU should just work so long as (1) you're using our release binaries, and (2) you pass the -ngl 35 flag. You also need an NVIDIA graphics card that supports CUDA. There's no support yet for AMD GPUs. You can also use CUDA via WSL by enabling Nvidia CUDA on WSL and running your llamafiles inside of WSL. This will also allow you to use llamafiles greater than 4GB on Windows.

On Linux, Nvidia cuBLAS GPU support will be compiled on the fly if (1) you have the cc compiler installed, (2) you pass the -ngl 35 flag to enable GPU, and (3) the CUDA developer toolkit is installed on your machine and the nvcc compiler is on your path.

In the event that GPU support couldn't be compiled and dynamically linked on the fly for any reason, llamafile will fall back to CPU inference.

Source installation

Developing on llamafile requires a modern version of the GNU make command (called gmake on some systems), sha256sum (otherwise cc will be used to build it), wget (or curl), and unzip available at https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/. Windows users need cosmos bash shell too.

make -j8
sudo make install PREFIX=/usr/local

Here's an example of how to generate code for a libc function using the llama.cpp command line interface, utilizing WizardCoder-Python-13B weights:

llamafile \
  -m wizardcoder-python-13b-v1.0.Q8_0.gguf \
  --temp 0 \
  -r $'```\n' \
  -p $'```c\nvoid *memcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size) {\n'

Here's a similar example that instead utilizes Mistral-7B-Instruct weights for prose composition:

llamafile \
  -m mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf \
  --temp 0.7 \
  -r $'\n' \
  -p $'### Instruction: Write a story about llamas\n### Response:\n'

Here's an example of how llamafile can be used as an interactive chatbot that lets you query knowledge contained in training data:

llamafile -m llama-65b-Q5_K.gguf -p '
The following is a conversation between a Researcher and their helpful AI assistant Digital Athena which is a large language model trained on the sum of human knowledge.
Researcher: Good morning.
Digital Athena: How can I help you today?
Researcher:' --interactive --color --batch_size 1024 --ctx_size 4096 \
--keep -1 --temp 0 --mirostat 2 --in-prefix ' ' --interactive-first \
--in-suffix 'Digital Athena:' --reverse-prompt 'Researcher:'

Here's an example of how you can use llamafile to summarize HTML URLs:

(
  echo '[INST]Summarize the following text:'
  links -codepage utf-8 \
        -force-html \
        -width 500 \
        -dump https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48860/the-raven |
    sed 's/   */ /'
  echo '[/INST]'
) | llamafile \
      -m mistral-7b-instruct-v0.1.Q4_K_M.gguf \
      -c 6700 \
      -f /dev/stdin \
      --temp 0 \
      -n 500 \
      --silent-prompt 2>/dev/null

Here's how you can use llamafile to describe a jpg/png/gif/bmp image:

llamafile --temp 0 \
  --image ~/Pictures/lemurs.jpg \
  -m llava-v1.5-7b-Q4_K.gguf \
  --mmproj llava-v1.5-7b-mmproj-Q4_0.gguf \
  -p $'### User: What do you see?\n### Assistant: ' \
  --silent-prompt 2>/dev/null

It's possible to use BNF grammar to enforce the output is predictable and safe to use in your shell script. The simplest grammar would be --grammar 'root ::= "yes" | "no"' to force the LLM to only print to standard output either "yes\n" or "no\n". Another example is if you wanted to write a script to rename all your image files, you could say:

llamafile --temp 0 \
    --image ~/Pictures/lemurs.jpg \
    -m llava-v1.5-7b-Q4_K.gguf \
    --mmproj llava-v1.5-7b-mmproj-Q4_0.gguf \
    --grammar 'root ::= [a-z]+ (" " [a-z]+)+' \
    -p $'### User: What do you see?\n### Assistant: ' \
    --silent-prompt 2>/dev/null |
  sed -e's/ /_/' -e's/$/.jpg/'
a_baby_monkey_on_the_back_of_a_mother.jpg

Here's an example of how to run llama.cpp's built-in HTTP server. This example uses LLaVA v1.5-7B, a multimodal LLM that works with llama.cpp's recently-added support for image inputs.

llamafile-server \
  -m llava-v1.5-7b-Q8_0.gguf \
  --mmproj llava-v1.5-7b-mmproj-Q8_0.gguf \
  --host 0.0.0.0

The above command will launch a browser tab on your personal computer to display a web interface. It lets you chat with your LLM and upload images to it.

If you want to be able to just say:

./llava-server.llamafile

...and have it run the web server without having to specify arguments, then you can embed both the weights and a special .args inside, which specifies the default arguments. First, let's create a file named .args which has this content:

-m
llava-v1.5-7b-Q8_0.gguf
--mmproj
llava-v1.5-7b-mmproj-Q8_0.gguf
--host
0.0.0.0
...

As we can see above, there's one argument per line. The ... argument optionally specifies where any additional CLI arguments passed by the user are to be inserted. Next, we'll add both the weights and the argument file to the executable:

cp /usr/local/bin/llamafile-server llava-server.llamafile

zipalign -j0 \
  llava-server.llamafile \
  llava-v1.5-7b-Q8_0.gguf \
  llava-v1.5-7b-mmproj-Q8_0.gguf \
  .args

./llava-server.llamafile

Congratulations. You've just made your own LLM executable that's easy to share with your friends.

Distribution

One good way to share a llamafile with your friends is by posting it on Hugging Face. If you do that, then it's recommended that you mention in your Hugging Face commit message what git revision or released version of llamafile you used when building your llamafile. That way everyone online will be able verify the provenance of its executable content. If you've made changes to the llama.cpp or cosmopolitan source code, then the Apache 2.0 license requires you to explain what changed. One way you can do that is by embedding a notice in your llamafile using zipalign that describes the changes, and mention it in your Hugging Face commit.

Documentation

There's a man page for each of the llamafile programs installed when you run sudo make install. The command manuals are also typeset as PDF files that you can download from our GitHub releases page. Lastly, most commands will display that information when passing the --help flag.

Technical details

Here is a succinct overview of the tricks we used to create the fattest executable format ever. The long story short is llamafile is a shell script that launches itself and runs inference on embedded weights in milliseconds without needing to be copied or installed. What makes that possible is mmap(). Both the llama.cpp executable and the weights are concatenated onto the shell script. A tiny loader program is then extracted by the shell script, which maps the executable into memory. The llama.cpp executable then opens the shell script again as a file, and calls mmap() again to pull the weights into memory and make them directly accessible to both the CPU and GPU.

ZIP weights embedding

The trick to embedding weights inside llama.cpp executables is to ensure the local file is aligned on a page size boundary. That way, assuming the zip file is uncompressed, once it's mmap()'d into memory we can pass pointers directly to GPUs like Apple Metal, which require that data be page size aligned. Since no existing ZIP archiving tool has an alignment flag, we had to write about 500 lines of code to insert the ZIP files ourselves. However, once there, every existing ZIP program should be able to read them, provided they support ZIP64. This makes the weights much more easily accessible than they otherwise would have been, had we invented our own file format for concatenated files.

Microarchitectural portability

On Intel and AMD microprocessors, llama.cpp spends most of its time in the matmul quants, which are usually written thrice for SSSE3, AVX, and AVX2. llamafile pulls each of these functions out into a separate file that can be #includeed multiple times, with varying __attribute__((__target__("arch"))) function attributes. Then, a wrapper function is added which uses Cosmopolitan's X86_HAVE(FOO) feature to runtime dispatch to the appropriate implementation.

Architecture portability

llamafile solves architecture portability by building llama.cpp twice: once for AMD64 and again for ARM64. It then wraps them with a shell script which has an MZ prefix. On Windows, it'll run as a native binary. On Linux, it'll extract a small 8kb executable called APE Loader to ${TMPDIR:-${HOME:-.}}/.ape that'll map the binary portions of the shell script into memory. It's possible to avoid this process by running the assimilate program that comes included with the cosmocc compiler. What the assimilate program does is turn the shell script executable into the host platform's native executable format. This guarantees a fallback path exists for traditional release processes when it's needed.

GPU support

Cosmopolitan Libc uses static linking, since that's the only way to get the same executable to run on six OSes. This presents a challenge for llama.cpp, because it's not possible to statically link GPU support. The way we solve that is by checking if a compiler is installed on the host system. For Apple, that would be Xcode, and for other platforms, that would be nvcc. llama.cpp has a single file implementation of each GPU module, named ggml-metal.m (Objective C) and ggml-cuda.cu (Nvidia C). llamafile embeds those source files within the zip archive and asks the platform compiler to build them at runtime, targeting the native GPU microarchitecture. If it works, then it's linked with platform C library dlopen() implementation. See llamafile/cuda.c and llamafile/metal.c.

In order to use the platform-specific dlopen() function, we need to ask the platform-specific compiler to build a small executable that exposes these interfaces. On ELF platforms, Cosmopolitan Libc maps this helper executable into memory along with the platform's ELF interpreter. The platform C library then takes care of linking all the GPU libraries, and then runs the helper program which longjmp()'s back into Cosmopolitan. The executable program is now in a weird hybrid state where two separate C libraries exist which have different ABIs. For example, thread local storage works differently on each operating system, and programs will crash if the TLS register doesn't point to the appropriate memory. The way Cosmopolitan Libc solves that is by JITing a trampoline around each dlsym() import, which blocks signals using sigprocmask() and changes the TLS register using arch_prctl(). Under normal circumstances, aspecting each function call with four additional system calls would be prohibitively expensive, but for llama.cpp that cost is infinitesimal compared to the amount of compute used for LLM inference. Our technique has no noticeable slowdown. The major tradeoff is that, right now, you can't pass callback pointers to the dlopen()'d module. Only one such function needed to be removed from the llama.cpp codebase, which was an API intended for customizing logging. In the future, Cosmoplitan will just trampoline signal handlers and code morph the TLS instructions to avoid these tradeoffs entirely. See cosmopolitan/dlopen.c for further details.

A note about models

The example llamafiles provided above should not be interpreted as endorsements or recommendations of specific models, licenses, or data sets on the part of Mozilla.

Security

llamafile adds pledge() and SECCOMP sandboxing to llama.cpp. This is enabled by default. It can be turned off by passing the --unsecure flag. Sandboxing is currently only supported on Linux and OpenBSD on systems without GPUs; on other platforms it'll simply log a warning.

Our approach to security has these benefits:

1. After it starts up, your HTTP server isn't able to access the filesystem at all. This is good, since it means if someone discovers a bug in the llama.cpp server, then it's much less likely they'll be able to access sensitive information on your machine or make changes to its configuration. On Linux, we're able to sandbox things even further; the only networking related system call the HTTP server will allowed to use after starting up, is accept(). That further limits an attacker's ability to exfiltrate information, in the event that your HTTP server is compromised.

2. The main CLI command won't be able to access the network at all. This is enforced by the operating system kernel. It also won't be able to write to the file system. This keeps your computer safe in the event that a bug is ever discovered in the the GGUF file format that lets an attacker craft malicious weights files and post them online. The only exception to this rule is if you pass the --prompt-cache flag without also specifying --prompt-cache-ro. In that case, security currently needs to be weakened to allow cpath and wpath access, but network access will remain forbidden.

Therefore your llamafile is able to protect itself against the outside world, but that doesn't mean you're protected from llamafile. Sandboxing is self-imposed. If you obtained your llamafile from an untrusted source then its author could have simply modified it to not do that. In that case, you can run the untrusted llamafile inside another sandbox, such as a virtual machine, to make sure it behaves how you expect.

Licensing

While the llamafile project is Apache 2.0-licensed, our changes to llama.cpp are licensed under MIT (just like the llama.cpp project itself) so as to remain compatible and upstreamable in the future, should that be desired.

The llamafile logo on this page was generated with the assistance of DALL·E 3.