EctoJob

A transactional job queue built with Ecto, PostgreSQL and GenStage

Goals

Transactional job processing
Retries
Scheduled jobs
Multiple queues
Low latency concurrent processing
Avoid frequent database polling
Library of functions, not a full OTP application

Getting Started

Add :ecto_job to your dependencies

  {:ecto_job, "~> 0.2"}

Installation

Add a migration to install the notification function and create the a job queue table:

mix ecto.gen.migration create_job_queue

defmodule MyApp.Repo.Migrations.CreateJobQueue do
  use Ecto.Migration

  def up do
    EctoJob.Migrations.Install.up()
    EctoJob.Migrations.CreateJobTable.up("jobs")
  end

  def down do
    EctoJob.Migrations.CreateJobTable.down("jobs")
    EctoJob.Migrations.Install.down()
  end
end

Add a module for the queue, mix in EctoJob.JobQueue. This will declare an Ecto.Schema to use with the table created in the migration, and a start_link function allowing the worker supervision tree to be started conveniently.

defmodule MyApp.JobQueue do
  use EctoJob.JobQueue, table_name: "jobs"
end

Add perform/2 function to the job queue module, this is where jobs from the queue will be dispatched.

defmodule MyApp.JobQueue do
  use EctoJob.JobQueue, table_name: "jobs"

  def perform(multi = %Ecto.Multi{}, job = %{}) do
    ... job logic here ...
  end
end

Add your new JobQueue module as a supervisor to the application supervision tree to run the worker supervisor:

def start(_type, _args) do
  import Supervisor.Spec

  children = [
    supervisor(MyApp.Repo, []),
    supervisor(MyApp.JobQueue, [[repo: MyApp.Repo, max_demand: 100]])
  ]

  opts = [strategy: :one_for_one, name: MyApp.Supervisor]
  Supervisor.start_link(children, opts)
end

If you want to run the workers on a separate node to the enqueuers, just leave your JobQueue module out of the supervision tree.

Usage

Enqueueing jobs

Jobs are Ecto schemas, with each queue backed by a different table. A job can be inserted into the Repo directly by constructing a job with the new/2 function:

%{"type" => "SendEmail", "address" => "joe@gmail.com", "body" => "Welcome!"}
|> MyApp.JobQueue.new()
|> MyApp.Repo.insert()

The primary benefit of EctoJob is the ability to enqueue and process jobs transactionally. To achieve this, a job can be added to an Ecto.Multi, along with other application updates, using the enqueue/3 function:

Ecto.Multi.new()
|> Ecto.Multi.insert(:add_user, User.insert_changeset(%{name: "Joe", email: "joe@gmail.com"}))
|> MyApp.JobQueue.enqueue(:email_job, %{"type" => "SendEmail", "address" => "joe@gmail.com", "body" => "Welcome!"})
|> MyApp.Repo.transaction()

Handling Jobs

All jobs sent to a queue are eventually dispatched to the perform/2 function defined in the queue module. The first argument supplied is an Ecto.Multi which has been initialized with a delete operation, marking the job as complete. The Ecto.Multi struct must be passed to the Ecto.Repo.transaction function to complete the job, along with any other application updates.

defmodule MyApp.JobQueue do
  use EctoJob.JobQueue, table_name: "jobs"

  def perform(multi = %Ecto.Multi{}, job = %{"type" => "SendEmail", "recipient" => recipient, "body" => body}) do
    multi
    |> Ecto.Multi.run(:send, fn _ -> EmailService.send(recipient, body) end)
    |> Ecto.Multi.insert(:stats, %EmailSendStats{recipient: recipient})
    |> MyApp.Repo.transaction()
  end
end

When a queue handles multiple job types, it is useful to pattern match on the job and delegate to separate modules:

defmodule MyApp.JobQueue do
  use EctoJob.JobQueue, table_name: "jobs"

  def perform(multi = %Ecto.Multi{}, job = %{"type" => "SendEmail"),      do: MyApp.SendEmail.perform(multi, job)
  def perform(multi = %Ecto.Multi{}, job = %{"type" => "CustomerReport"), do: MyApp.CustomerReport.perform(multi, job)
  def perform(multi = %Ecto.Multi{}, job = %{"type" => "SyncWithCRM"),    do: MyApp.CRMSync.perform(multi, job)
  ...
end

Options

You can customize how often the table is polled for scheduled jobs. The default is 60_000 ms.

config :ecto_job, :poll_interval, 15_000

You can control whether logs are on or off and the log level. The default is true and :info.

config :ecto_job, log: true,
                  log_level: :debug

See EctoJob.Config for configuration details.

How it works

Each job queue is represented as a PostgreSQL table and Ecto schema.

Jobs are added to the queue by inserting into the table, using Ecto.Repo.transaction to transactionally enqueue jobs with other application updates.

A GenStage producer responds to demand for jobs by efficiently pulling jobs from the queue in batches. When there is insufficient jobs in the queue, the demand for jobs is buffered.

As jobs are inserted into the queue, pg_notify notifies the producer that new work is available, allowing the producer to dispatch jobs immediately if there is pending demand.

A GenStage ConsumerSupervisor subscribes to the producer, and spawns a new Task for each job.

The callback for each job receives an Ecto.Multi structure, pre-populated with a delete command to remove the job from the queue.

Application code then add additional commands to the Ecto.Multi and submit it to the Repo with a call to transaction, ensuring that application updates are performed atomically with the job removal.

Scheduled jobs and Failed jobs are reactivated by polling the database once per minute.

Job Lifecycle

Jobs scheduled to run at a future time start in the "SCHEDULED" state. Scheduled jobs transition to "AVAILABLE" after the scheduled time has passed.

Jobs that are intended to run immediately start in an "AVAILABLE" state.

The producer will update a batch of jobs setting the state to "RESERVED", with an expiry of 5 minutes.

Once a consumer is given a job, it increments the attempt counter and updates the state to "IN_PROGRESS", with an expiry of 5 minutes. If the job is being retried, the expiry will be 5 minutes * the attempt counter.

If successful, the consumer will delete the job from the queue. If unsuccessful, the job remains in the "IN_PROGRESS" state until it expires.

Jobs in the "RESERVED" or "IN_PROGRESS" state past the expiry time will be returned to the "AVAILABLE" state.

Expired jobs in the "IN_PROGRESS" state with attempts >= MAX_ATTEMPTS move to a "FAILED" state. Failed jobs are kept in the database so that application developers can handle the failure.

mmartinson/ecto_job