The idea behind this repository is to benchmark different languages implementation of HTTP server.
The application i tested is minimal: the HTTP version of the Hello World example.
This approach allows including languages i barely know, since it is pretty easy to find such implementation online.
If you're looking for more complex examples, you will have better luck with the TechEmpower benchmarks.
Please do take the following numbers with a grain of salt: it is not my intention to promote one language over another basing on micro-benchmarks.
Indeed you should never pick a language just basing on its presumed performance.
I have filtered the languages by single runtime (i.e. Java on JVM): this way i can focus on a specific stack, keeping it updated to the last available version/APIs. Where possible i just relied on the standard library, but when it is not production-ready (i.e. Ruby, Python) or where the language footprint is deliberately minimal (i.e. Rust).
Ruby 2.6.5 is installed via rbenv.
Ruby is a general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language, focused on simplicity and productivity.
Python 3.8.0 is installed via homebrew.
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.
Node.js version 13.0.1 is installed by official OSX package.
Node.js is based on the V8 JavaScript engine, optimized by Google and supporting most of the new language's features.
Dart version 2.6.1 is installed via homebrew.
Dart is a VM based, object-oriented, sound typed language using a C-style syntax that transcompiles optionally into JavaScript.
Elixir 1.9.1 is installed via homebrew.
Elixir is a purely functional language that runs on the Erlang VM and is strongly influenced by the Ruby syntax.
Java JDK 13.0.0 is installed by official OSX package.
Java is a VM based, statically typed, general-purpose language that is thread safe, object-oriented and, from version 8, supports functional paradigms.
Crystal 0.31.1 is installed via homebrew.
Crystal has a syntax very close to Ruby, but brings some desirable features such as statically typing and ahead of time (AOT) compilation.
Nim 1.0.2 is installed via homebrew.
Nim is an AOT, Python inspired, statically typed language that comes with an ambitious compiler aimed to produce code in C, C++, JavaScript or ObjectiveC.
GO language version 1.13.4 is installed by official OSX package.
GO is an AOT language that focuses on simplicity and offers a broad standard library with CSP constructs built in.
Rust language version 1.39.0 is installed by official package.
Rust is an AOT, garbage collector free programming language, preventing segfaults and granting thread safety.
I used wrk as the loading tool.
I measured each application server six times, picking the best lap (but for VM based languages demanding longer warm-up).
wrk -t 4 -c 100 -d30s --timeout 2000 http://0.0.0.0:9292These benchmarks are recorded on a MacBook PRO 15 mid 2015 having these specs:
- macOS Mojave
- 2.2 GHz Intel Core i7 (4 cores)
- 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3
I measured RAM and CPU consumption by using macOS Activity Monitor dashboard and recording max consumption peak.
For the languages relying on pre-forking parallelism i reported the average consumption by taking a snapshot during the stress period.
| Language | App Server | Requests/sec | RAM (MB) | CPU (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elixir | Plug with Cowboy | 45477.66 | 45.3 | 619.0 |
| Dart | Dart HttpServer | 48280.33 | 45.9 | 539.3 |
| Ruby | Puma | 56979.27 | > 110 | > 520 |
| JavaScript | Node Cluster | 84260.52 | > 150 | > 300 |
| Rust | Hyper | 97421.94 | 4.5 | 450.0 |
| GO | GO ServeMux | 109945.72 | 7.3 | 441.5 |
| Python | Gunicorn with Meinheld | 110583.42 | > 40 | > 380 |
| Java | Jetty NIO | 116388.13 | 233.1 | 436.3 |
| Nim | httpbeast | 116588.18 | 24.1 | 99.7 |
| Crystal | Crystal HTTP | 120141.48 | 8.4 | 282.3 |
I tested Ruby by using a plain Rack application served by Puma.
puma -w 8 -t 2 --preload servers/rack_server.ruI tested Python by using Gunicorn spawning Meinheld workers with a plain WSGI compliant server.
cd servers
gunicorn -w 4 -k meinheld.gmeinheld.MeinheldWorker -b :9292 wsgi_server:appI used the cluster module included into Node's standard library.
node servers/node_server.jsI used the async HTTP server embedded into the Dart standard library and compiled it with dart2native AOT compiler.
dart2native servers/dart_server.dart -k aot
dartaotruntime servers/dart_server.aotI tested Elixir by using Plug library that provides a Cowboy adapter.
cd servers/plug_server
MIX_ENV=prod mix compile
MIX_ENV=prod mix run --no-haltI tested Java by using Jetty with the non blocking IO (NIO) APIs.
cd servers/jetty_server
javac -cp jetty-all-uber.jar HelloWorld.java
java -server -cp .:jetty-all-uber.jar HelloWorldI used Crystal HTTP server standard library, enabling parallelism by using the preview_mt flag.
crystal build -Dpreview_mt --release servers/crystal_server.cr
./crystal_serverTo test Nim i opted for the httpbeast library: an asynchronous server relying on Nim HTTP standard library.
nim c -d:release --threads:on servers/httpbeast_server.nim
./servers/httpbeast_serverI used the HTTP ServeMux GO standard library.
go run servers/servemux_server.goI tested Rust by using the Hyper, an HTTP implementation based on Tokio.io.
cd servers/hyper_server
cargo run --release