A collection of handy python tools and helper functions, mainly for machine learning-related packages and Kaggle.
The methods in this package aren't revolutionary, and most of them are very simple. They are largely bunch of 'macro' functions which I often end up rewriting across multiple projects, and various helper functions for different packages, all in one place and easily accessible as a quality of life improvement. Hopefully, they can be some use to others in the community too.
This package has been tested with Python 3.5+, but should work with all versions of Python 3. Python 2 is not officially supported.
pip install mlcrate
Alternatively, clone the repo and run python setup.py install within the top-level folder to install the bleeding-edge version - this is recommended.
Required dependencies: numpy, pandas, pathos, tqdm
mlcrate.xgb additionally requires: scikit-learn, xgboost
mlcrate.torch additionally requires: pytorch
Saving .feather files additionally requires feather-format
If you find any bugs or have any feature suggestions (even general feature requests unrelated to what's already in the package), feel free to open an issue. Pull requests are also very welcome 🙂
mlcrate comes with a simple pickle wrapper for fast save/load of arbitrary python objects (with optional compression).
Works with numpy, pandas, etc. and objects >4GB.
The extremely fast Apache Feather format is also supported to save/load DataFrames.
>>> import mlcrate as mlc
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> mlc.save(x, 'x.pkl.gz') # Saves using GZIP when .gz extension is used
>>> mlc.load('x.pkl.gz')
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> mlc.save(pd.DataFrame(), 'x.feather') # DataFrames can be saved with ultra-fast feather format.
>>> x = mlc.load('x.feather')Pickles the passed data (with the highest available protocol) to disk using the passed filename.
If the filename ends in '.gz' then the data will additionally be GZIPed before saving.
If filename ends with '.feather' or '.fthr', mlcrate will try to save the file using feather (for pd DataFrames). Note that feather does not support .gz compression.
Keyword arguments:
data -- The python object to pickle to disk (use a dict or list to save multiple objects)
filename -- String with the relative filename to save the data to. By convention should end in one of: .pkl, .pkl.gz, .feather, .fthr
Loads data saved with save() (or just normally saved with pickle). Uses gzip if filename ends in '.gz' Also reads feather files ending in .feather or .fthr.
Keyword arguments:
filename -- String with the relative filename of the pickle to load.
Returns:
data -- Arbitrary saved data
>>> log = mlc.LinewiseCSVWriter('log.csv', header=['epoch', 'loss', 'acc'])
>>> for i in range(10):
# Run something here
log.write([i, 0, 'nan']) # Results are flushed to file straight away
>>> !head -n 2 log.csv
"epoch","loss","acc"
"0","0","nan"
>>> log.close()CSV Writer which writes a single line at a time, and by default syncs to disk after every line. This is useful for eg. log files, where you want progress to appear in the file as it happens (instead of being written to disk when python exists) Data should be passed to the writer as an iterable, as conversion to string and so on is done within the class.
Keyword arguments:
filename -- the csv file to write to
header (default: None) -- An iterator (eg. list) containing an optional CSV header, which is written as the first line of the file.
sync (default: True) -- Flush and sync the output to disk after every write operation. This means data appears in the file instantly instead of being buffered
append (default: False) -- Append to an existing CSV file. By default, the csv file is overwritten each time.
mlcrate implements a multiprocessing pool that allows you to easily apply a function to an array using multiple cores, for a linear speedup. In syntax, it is almost identical to multiprocessing.Pool, but has the following benefits:
- Real-time progress bar, showing the combined progress across all cores with tqdm, where usually using multiprocessing means you don't know how long the process will take.
- Support for functions defined AFTER the pool has been created. With multiprocessing, you can only map functions which were created before the pool was created, meaning if you defined a new function you would need to create a new pool.
- Support for lambda and local functions
- Almost no performance degrading compared to using multiprocessing.
Example:
>>> pool = mlc.SuperPool() # By default, the number of threads are used
>>> def f(x):
... return x ** 2
>>> res = pool.map(f, range(1000)) # Apply function f to every value in y
[mlcrate] 8 CPUs: 100%|████████████████████████████████████| 1000/1000 [00:00<00:00, 1183.78it/s]
>>> res[:5]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
>>> # The above map command is equivalent to this, except multithreaded
>>> res = [f(x) for x in tqdm(range(1000)))]A class for tracking timestamps and time elapsed since events. Useful for profiling code.
>>> t = mlc.time.Timer()
>>> t.elapsed(0) # Number of seconds since initialisation
3.0880863666534424
>>> t.add('event') # Log an event (eg. the start of some code you want to measure)
>>> t.since('event') # Elapsed seconds since the event
4.758380889892578
>>> t.fsince('event') # Get the elapsed time in a pretty format
'1h03m12s'
>>> t['event'] # Get the timestamp of event
1514476396.0099056Returns the current time as a string in the format 'YYYY_MM_DD_HH_MM_SS'. Useful for timestamping filenames etc.
>>> mlc.time.now()
'2017_12_28_16_58_29'Formats a duration in a pretty readable format, in terms of seconds, minutes, hours and days.
>>> format_duration(3825.21)
'1h03m45s'
>>> format_duration(3825.21, max_fields=2)
'1h03m'
>>> format_duration(259863)
'3d01h17m'Keyword arguments:
seconds -- A duration to be nicely formatted, in seconds
max_fields (default: 3) -- The number of units to display (eg. if max_fields is 1 and the time is three days it will only display the days unit)
Returns: A string representing the duration
Saves the passed dataframe with index=False, and enables GZIP compression if a '.gz' extension is passed. If '{}' exists in the filename, this is replaced with the current time from mlcrate.time.now()
>>> df
id probability
0 0 0.12
1 1 0.38
2 2 0.87
>>> mlc.kaggle.save_sub(df) # Saved as eg. sub_2017_12_28_16_58_29.csv.gz with compression
>>> mlc.kaggle.save_sub(df, 'sub_uncompressed.csv')Keyword arguments:
df -- The pandas DataFrame of the submission
filename -- The filename to save the submission to. Autodetects '.gz'
Get XGBoost feature importances from an xgboost model and list of features.
Keyword arguments:
model -- a trained xgboost.Booster object
features -- a list of feature names corresponding to the features the model was trained on.
Returns:
importance -- A list of (feature, importance) tuples representing sorted importance
mlcrate.xgb.train_kfold(params, x_train, y_train, x_test=None, folds=5, stratify=None, random_state=1337, skip_checks=False, print_imp='final')
Trains a set of XGBoost models with chosen parameters on a KFold split dataset, returning full out-of-fold training set predictions (useful for stacking) as well as test set predictions and the models themselves.
Test set predictions are generated by averaging predictions from all the individual fold models - this means 1 model fewer has to be trained and from my experience performs better than retraining a single model on the full set.
Optionally, the split can be stratified along a passed array. Feature importances are also computed and summed across all folds for convenience.
Keyword arguments:
params -- Parameters passed to the xgboost model, as well as ['early_stopping_rounds', 'nrounds', 'verbose_eval'], which are passed to xgb.train(). Defaults: early_stopping_rounds = 50, nrounds = 100000, verbose_eval = 1
x_train -- The training set features
y_train -- The training set labels
x_test (optional) -- The test set features
folds (default: 5) -- The number of folds to perform
stratify (optional) -- An array to stratify the splits along
random_state (default: 1337) -- Random seed for splitting folds
skip_checks -- By default, this function tries to reorder the test set columns to match the order of the training set columns. Set this to disable this behaviour.
print_imp -- One of ['every', 'final', None] - 'every' prints importances for every fold, 'final' prints combined importances at the end, None does not print importance
Returns:
models -- a list of trained xgboost.Booster objects
p_train -- Out-of-fold training set predictions (shaped like y_train)
p_test -- Mean of test set predictions from the models. Returns None if 'x_test' was not provided.
imps -- dict with {feature: importance} pairs representing the sum feature importance from all the models.
mlcrate.sklearn.train_kfold(model, x_train, y_train, x_test=None, folds=5, metrics=None, predict_type='predict_proba', stratify=None, random_state=1337, skip_checks=False)
Trains a set of sklearn models with chosen parameters on a KFold split dataset, returning full out-of-fold training set predictions (useful for stacking) as well as test set predictions and the models themselves. Test set predictions are generated by averaging predictions from all the individual fold models - this means 1 model fewer has to be trained and from my experience performs better than retraining a single model on the full set.
Optionally, the split can be stratified along a passed array, and metrics can be passed to train_kfold() for performance printing.
Keyword arguments:
x_train -- The training set features
y_train -- The training set labels
x_test (optional) -- The test set features
metrics (optional) -- A metric or list of metric functions to use for evaluating the models
predict_type (default: 'predict_proba') -- Must be one of ['predict', 'predict_proba'], which prediction method to call on the trained sklearn models
folds (default: 5) -- The number of folds to perform
stratify (optional) -- An array to stratify the splits along
random_state (default: 1337) -- Random seed for splitting folds
skip_checks -- By default, this function tries to reorder the test set columns to match the order of the training set columns. Set this to disable this behaviour.
Returns:
models -- a list of trained xgboost.Booster objects
p_train -- Out-of-fold training set predictions (shaped like y_train)
p_test -- Mean of test set predictions from the models. Returns None if 'x_test' was not provided.
Returns an array containing all the unique elements of the input arrays. The elements are sorted based on the average of their index (a rank average). This can be used for ensembling where you have an ordered list of elements (eg for MAP@5)
The arrays can have different sizes - if an element does not appear in an array it is
assumed to have index len(array)+1 or base_rank.
Keyword Arguments:
base_rank (optional): Assumed rank/index of elements that don't appear in the array
weights (optional): Array of weights for a weighted rank average of the inputs
>>> from mlcrate.ensemble import rank_average
>>> p1 = np.array([5, 3, 2, 8, 1]) # Sorted predictions from model 1 (eg. for MAP metric)
>>> p2 = np.array([4, 5, 2, 3, 8]) # Sorted predictions from model 2
>>> rank_average(p1, p2) # Returns elements from the two arrays sorted by average of their rank
array([5, 3, 2, 4, 8, 1])>>> from mlcrate.torch import totensor, tonp
>>> tensor = totensor([1, 2, 3]) # Convert almost any iterable or scalar to a PyTorch tensor easily
>>> tensor
tensor([ 1., 2., 3.])
>>> tonp(tensor) # Convert any PyTorch tensor back into a numpy array! No more tensor.data.detach().cpu().numpy()
array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=float32)
>>> tensor = totensor(1, 'cpu') # Device can be specified too!
>>> tensor
tensor(1.)
>>> tonp(tensor) # Also works with scalars
1.Takes any PyTorch tensor and converts it to a numpy array or scalar as appropiate. Not heavily optimized.
Converts any array-like or scalar to a PyTorch tensor, and checks that the array is in the correct type (defaults to float32) and on the correct device.
Equivalent to calling torch.from_array(np.array(arr, dtype=type)).to(device) but more efficient.
NOTE: If the input is a torch tensor, the type will not be checked.
Keyword arguments:
arr -- Any array-like object (eg numpy array, list, numpy varaible)
device (optional) -- Move the tensor to this device after creation
type -- the numpy data type of the tensor. Defaults to 'float32' (regardless of the input)
Returns:
tensor - A torch tensor