Mirror of Dave Coffin's dcraw

This repository contains an unofficial mirror of Dave Coffin's dcraw with full version history.

Branches:

master: Dave Coffin's code, this README.md, and LICENSE. No other changes.
debian: adds Debian testing patches.
ncruces-dev: improves DNG support and avoids creating temporary files.
ncruces-win: adds various hacks to make unicode paths work on Windows.
ncruces-wasm: adds various hacks to run on WASI-compliant runtimes.

The rest of this README.md is a markdown translation of Dave Coffin's dcraw website.

Decoding raw digital photos in Linux

Welcome! If you are wondering how to connect your digital camera and download images to a Linux PC, go to the gPhoto homepage. My software is for processing those images after downloading them.

If you're downloading JPEG files, you don't need my software at all. The image has already been processed inside the camera. Almost all digital cameras made since 1997 produce JPEG images, so why would you want to do it any other way?

Well, despite the convenience and ubiquity of JPEG, there are some disadvantages. JPEG is a lossy format -- to fit a big image into a small file, a lot of information is thrown away. That's why midrange and high-end digital cameras offer an alternative: Raw, unprocessed CCD data files, for which the camera manufacturer provides special decoding software.

Of course this software is for Windows and Macintosh only, with no source code. So it's useless to users of other operating systems, programmers hoping to design a better interpolation algorithm, and historians not yet born in an era when the only Windows machines will be in museums.

So here is my mission: Write and maintain an ANSI C program that decodes any raw image from any digital camera on any computer running any operating system.

That program is called dcraw (pronounced "dee-see-raw"), and it's become a standard tool within and without the Open Source world. It's small (about 9000 lines), portable (standard C libraries only), free (both "gratis" and "libre"), and when used skillfully, produces better quality output than the tools provided by the camera vendor.

Here's my resume. I do freelance consulting related to dcraw, and I'm also available for full-time software work in the Northeast USA.

I can be reached by sending e-mail to cybercom dot net with the username "dcoffin".

News and Interviews

Essay for Digital Outback Photo, 25 April 2003
Article in News.com, 21 April 2005
Interview with Digital Photography Review, 27 April 2005
Dcraw mentioned in Editors Guild magazine, July/August 2005
Interview with Thorsten Schnebeck, 10 June 2006
Interview with Ladinamo, 16 June 2006

My Code

Unless otherwise noted in the source code, these programs are free for all uses, although I would like to receive credit for them. Donations are welcome too, if you're making money from my code.

Note to Linux distributors: The only executable files that should be installed by a dcraw package are "dcraw", "clean_crw", and maybe "fuji_green", "fujiturn", and "fujiturn16". My shell scripts are dangerous and should only be installed in a "doc" directory without execute permission.

dcraw.c -- decodes raw photos, extracts thumbnails, and displays metadata
Supports 731 cameras at last count. Compile with "gcc -o dcraw -O4 dcraw.c -lm -ljasper -ljpeg -llcms2" or "gcc -o dcraw -O4 dcraw.c -lm -DNODEPS". Run with no arguments to see a usage message. Don't complain that 16-bit output is too dark -- read the FAQ!
UNIX manpage for dcraw
This is dcraw's official user documentation, updated in lockstep with the source code.
rawphoto.c -- basic plugin for GIMP 1.2 & 2.0
After installing "dcraw", do "gimptool --install rawphoto.c". My plugin provides a simple dialog box for loading raw files into the Gimp. Udi Fuchs and Joseph Heled have written much nicer plugins, with live preview, histograms, and color curves.
.badpixels -- my camera's "hot pixels"
This file tells dcraw which pixels have died and when, so that it can interpolate around them.
dcraw.c,v -- complete unabridged RCS file
This file contains the entire history of dcraw.c since its conception on February 23, 1997. If you don't have the RCS toolkit, download it here.
parse.c -- read image data structures
This program displays CIFF and TIFF data structures in a very cryptic format.
clean_crw.c -- clean Canon CRW files
Recovered or undeleted CRW files often have junk appended to them that makes them unreadable. This program safely cleans CRW files.
fujiturn.c -- rotate Fuji Super CCD images
An alternative to dcraw's built-in Fuji rotation.
fuji_green.c -- convert Fuji green pixels to PGM
A side benefit of the Fuji Super CCD design is that its green pixels make nice greyscale images.

For hackers only:

decompress.c is a simple reference decompressor for CRW files.
sony_clear.c decrypts SRF files from the Sony DSC-F828.

Internationalization

To build and install multilingual dcraw in Linux, download the latest tarball from this directory and run the "install" script. The currently supported languages are Esperanto, Russian, French, Italian, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Polish, Hungarian, Czech, Swedish, Catalan, Danish, Romanian, Japanese, and Chinese (both Traditional and Simplified).

To build a unilingual, self-contained DCRAW.EXE for DOS/Windows, use a source file from this directory instead.

To add another language, send me translations of this manpage and this message table in UTF-8 encoding. Translate only from my original English and Esperanto texts -- other languages may contain factual errors invisible to me.

Do not translate "Cannot do X" as "It is impossible to do X". Dcraw is not perfect, so if it cannot do something, that does not mean that the task is impossible. Computers must never use the pronoun "I", so write "dcraw cannot do X".

When in doubt, translate everything. I proofread these texts before releasing them, and it's much easier for me to correct over-translation than under-translation.

Dcraw decodes raw photos, not raw files. No digital camera generates raw files in normal usage, there's always a header with useful metadata. (For abnormal usage, see CHDK and DIAG RAW below)

"raw" is an English word, not an acronym or file format. "raw photo" should be translated with the same adjective that you would use for "crude oil" or "raw materials".

There are dozens of raw photo formats: CRW, CR2, MRW, NEF, RAF, etc. "RAW Format" does not exist; it is an illusion created by dcraw's ability to read all raw formats.

Other Raw Photo Decoders

Dcraw has made it far easier for developers to support a wide range of digital cameras in their applications. They can call dcraw from a graphical interface, paste pieces of dcraw.c into their code, or just use dcraw.c as the documentation that camera makers refuse to provide:

Frequently Asked Questions

I don't have a C compiler. Could you send me an executable?

Sergio Namias has built some current Windows EXE files here. Dcraw has also been ported to Amiga, MorphOS, BeOS, OS/2, and RISC OS.

Why does dcraw say "Out of memory" in Windows Vista?

Ostensibly to stop memory leaks, Microsoft decided that programs using the old MS-DOS API, including anything compiled with DJGPP, shall be confined to 32MB of memory. This limitation can be removed by some combination of service packs and registry hacks, or you can compile dcraw to use the newer Win32 API. Thomas Nicely (of Pentium FDIV fame) has a page describing the problem and various workarounds.

How can I read the EXIF data (shutter speed, aperture, etc.)?

Phil Harvey's ExifTool provides a unified Perl-based EXIF reader (and editor!) for all cameras and file formats. "dcraw -i -v" is much faster, but provides less information.

How can I read NEF files from Nikon scanners?

Dcraw only supports cameras. Try this simple program for scanners.

How can I read Nikon Dust Off images (NDF files)?

Use this program.

Do you have any specifications describing raw photo formats?

Yes, but they tend to omit important details, like how to decompress the raw image or decrypt private metadata. See the TIFF spec, the TIFF/EP spec, the Adobe DNG spec, the CIFF (CRW) spec, and the X3F spec.

Where can I get an assortment of raw photos to test my software?

For the latest cameras, I get samples from Photography Blog. A "Full Review" at Imaging Resource usually includes a few raw shots. www.rawsamples.ch is no longer updated, but it has samples from older cameras. For $800, I sell a complete test suite on six DVDs containing every camera supported by dcraw, and provide web-based updates for $300/year.

I'm designing a digital camera. How do I convert its raw photos into something that dcraw and Adobe Photoshop can open?

Download LibTIFF v3.8.2 and apply this patch. Then use this C program as a template for converting your photos to valid Adobe DNG files.

Why are dcraw output images larger than camera JPEGs?

Any algorithm that combines each pixel with its neighbors is going to have problems near the edges. C code is cheap, so dcraw applies a different algorithm to edge pixels. Hardware logic is expensive, so cameras crop off the edge pixels after processing.

I shot a raw photo with no light. Why does it appear all noisy, when it should be solid black?

No matter how dark an image is, dcraw's auto-exposure stretches it so that one percent of its pixels appear white. The "-W" option avoids this behavior.

I bracket plus/minus two stops, but all five shots look almost the same in dcraw. Why?

See the previous question.

Why is 16-bit output dark / unreadable?

If you want pretty pictures straight out of dcraw, stay with 8-bit output. 16-bit linear output is the best raw material for professional image editors such as Photoshop and CinePaint, but it's no good for most image viewers.

What does the "-f" (four color RGB) option do?

If you see patterns like this or this in your output images, first try "dcraw -a". If these patterns persist, use "dcraw -f" to get rid of them.

Could you please add an option for TIFF / FITS / PNG / BMP / JPEG output?

In versions 8.25 and later, "dcraw -T" writes TIFF output with metadata. To write other formats:

dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | pnmtofits > crw_0001.fits dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | pnmtopng > crw_0001.png dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | ppmtobmp > crw_0001.bmp dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | cjpeg > crw_0001.jpeg

I used the Netpbm toolkit in these examples. ImageMagick also does command-line format conversions. Both are free.

Why don't you implement dcraw as a library?

I have decided that dcraw shall be a command-line program written in C, and that any further abstraction layers must be added around this core, not inside it.

Library code is ugly because it cannot use global variables. Libraries are more difficult to modify, build, install, and test than standalone programs, and so are inappropriate for file formats that change every day.

There's a simpler way to make dcraw modular and thread-safe: Run it as a separate process. Eric Raymond explains this technique here.

Why are there false colors along edges within the image?

Because of interpolation. This is a hard problem, easily defined:

Take a three-color RGB image. At each pixel, set two color values to zero.
Reconstruct the original three-color image as best you can from the remaining one color per pixel.

Dcraw currently gives a choice of four methods: Bilinear, Variable Number of Gradients (VNG), Patterned Pixel Grouping (PPG), and Adaptive Homogeneity-Directed (AHD).

The Foveon X3 Capture chip requires a different kind of interpolation. Unlike CCD arrays, it captures three colors at every pixel location. But the colors are not well separated, so the raw data looks very gray. Much processing is needed to enhance color while suppressing noise.

How do I get my camera to take raw photos?

For Canon PowerShots that don't output CRW or CR2, you need the CHDK hack.
For some Nikon Coolpix cameras, you need to enable a special "DIAG RAW" mode.
For Casio cameras, see Maurice Delaney's website or read this discussion on dpreview.
For the Minolta DiMAGE G400, G500, G530, or G600, go here (in Russian) or here (in English).
For the Minolta DiMAGE Z2 and Nikon Coolpix 2100/3100/3700, go here.
For SMaL cameras, see the camerahacking Forum.
For Agfa and Samsung cameras, go here.

For other cameras, refer to the User's Manual.

Does dcraw work with my camera?

Most likely, yes. If your camera is not on the Supported list, try dcraw anyway. If it doesn't work perfectly, don't just sit quietly waiting for my next version. Ask me if I need any raw photos, or go ahead and post a photo to your website and e-mail me the URL. If you don't have a website, use YouSendIt, RapidShare, Sendshack, ShareFile, sendspace, or Megaupload.

Before choosing a photo to send, read the next question:

Why does dcraw output have a green tint and weak color?

Because dcraw doesn't have a color matrix for your camera model, it outputs raw color instead of sRGB. To fix this, I need a photo of a Wolf Faust, ColorChecker, CMP, or other calibrated color chart. Follow this checklist:

Use a real chart, not a printout or screen image.
Wait for sunny weather, local noon ± two hours.
Carefully brush any dust off the chart.
Tilt the chart 90° to the camera and 45° to the sun to avoid specular reflections.
Set the camera two meters away and use telephoto zoom.
Use the lowest ISO setting.

Supported Cameras

Adobe Digital Negative (DNG)
AgfaPhoto DC-833m
Alcatel 5035D
Apple QuickTake 100
Apple QuickTake 150
Apple QuickTake 200
ARRIRAW format
AVT F-080C
AVT F-145C
AVT F-201C
AVT F-510C
AVT F-810C
Baumer TXG14
Blackmagic URSA
Canon PowerShot 600
Canon PowerShot A5
Canon PowerShot A5 Zoom
Canon PowerShot A50
Canon PowerShot A460 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A470 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A530 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A570 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A590 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A610 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A620 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A630 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A640 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A650 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A710 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A720 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot A3300 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot Pro70
Canon PowerShot Pro90 IS
Canon PowerShot Pro1
Canon PowerShot G1
Canon PowerShot G1 X
Canon PowerShot G1 X Mark II
Canon PowerShot G2
Canon PowerShot G3
Canon PowerShot G3 X
Canon PowerShot G5
Canon PowerShot G5 X
Canon PowerShot G6
Canon PowerShot G7 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot G7 X
Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark II
Canon PowerShot G9
Canon PowerShot G9 X
Canon PowerShot G10
Canon PowerShot G11
Canon PowerShot G12
Canon PowerShot G15
Canon PowerShot G16
Canon PowerShot S2 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot S3 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot S5 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SD300 (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot S30
Canon PowerShot S40
Canon PowerShot S45
Canon PowerShot S50
Canon PowerShot S60
Canon PowerShot S70
Canon PowerShot S90
Canon PowerShot S95
Canon PowerShot S100
Canon PowerShot S110
Canon PowerShot S120
Canon PowerShot SX1 IS
Canon PowerShot SX110 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SX120 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SX220 HS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SX20 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SX30 IS (CHDK hack)
Canon PowerShot SX50 HS
Canon PowerShot SX60 HS
Canon IXUS 160 (CHDK hack)
Canon EOS D30
Canon EOS D60
Canon EOS 5D
Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Canon EOS 5D Mark III
Canon EOS 5DS
Canon EOS 5DS R
Canon EOS 6D
Canon EOS 7D
Canon EOS 7D Mark II
Canon EOS 10D
Canon EOS 20D
Canon EOS 30D
Canon EOS 40D
Canon EOS 50D
Canon EOS 60D
Canon EOS 70D
Canon EOS 77D / 9000D
Canon EOS 80D
Canon EOS 300D / Digital Rebel / Kiss Digital
Canon EOS 350D / Digital Rebel XT / Kiss Digital N
Canon EOS 400D / Digital Rebel XTi / Kiss Digital X
Canon EOS 450D / Digital Rebel XSi / Kiss Digital X2
Canon EOS 500D / Digital Rebel T1i / Kiss Digital X3
Canon EOS 550D / Digital Rebel T2i / Kiss Digital X4
Canon EOS 600D / Digital Rebel T3i / Kiss Digital X5
Canon EOS 650D / Digital Rebel T4i / Kiss Digital X6i
Canon EOS 700D / Digital Rebel T5i / Kiss Digital X7i
Canon EOS 750D / Digital Rebel T6i / Kiss Digital X8i
Canon EOS 760D / Digital Rebel T6s / Kiss Digital X9
Canon EOS 800D / Digital Rebel T7i / Kiss Digital X9i
Canon EOS 100D / Digital Rebel SL1 / Kiss Digital X7
Canon EOS 1000D / Digital Rebel XS / Kiss Digital F
Canon EOS 1100D / Digital Rebel T3 / Kiss Digital X50
Canon EOS 1200D / Digital Rebel T5 / Kiss Digital X70
Canon EOS 1300D / Digital Rebel T6 / Kiss Digital X80
Canon EOS 1500D / Digital Rebel T7 / Kiss Digital X90 / EOS 2000D
Canon EOS 3000D / Digital Rebel T100 / EOS 4000D
Canon EOS C500
Canon EOS D2000C
Canon EOS M
Canon EOS M3
Canon EOS M10
Canon EOS-1D
Canon EOS-1DS
Canon EOS-1D X
Canon EOS-1D X Mark II
Canon EOS-1D Mark II
Canon EOS-1D Mark II N
Canon EOS-1D Mark III
Canon EOS-1D Mark IV
Canon EOS-1Ds Mark II
Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III
Casio QV-2000UX
Casio QV-3000EX
Casio QV-3500EX
Casio QV-4000
Casio QV-5700
Casio QV-R41
Casio QV-R51
Casio QV-R61
Casio EX-FH100
Casio EX-S20
Casio EX-S100
Casio EX-Z4
Casio EX-Z50
Casio EX-Z500
Casio EX-Z55
Casio EX-Z60
Casio EX-Z75
Casio EX-Z750
Casio EX-Z8
Casio EX-Z850
Casio EX-Z1050
Casio EX-Z1080
Casio EX-ZR100
Casio Exlim Pro 505
Casio Exlim Pro 600
Casio Exlim Pro 700
Contax N Digital
Creative PC-CAM 600
DJI 4384x3288
DxO ONE
Epson R-D1
Foculus 531C
Fuji E550
Fuji E900
Fuji F700
Fuji F710
Fuji S1
Fuji S2Pro
Fuji S3Pro
Fuji S5Pro
Fuji S20Pro
Fuji S100FS
Fuji S5000
Fuji S5100/S5500
Fuji S5200/S5600
Fuji S6000fd
Fuji S7000
Fuji S9000/S9500
Fuji S9100/S9600
Fuji S200EXR
Fuji SL1000
Fuji HS10/HS11
Fuji HS20EXR
Fuji HS30EXR
Fuji HS50EXR
Fuji F550EXR
Fuji F600EXR
Fuji F770EXR
Fuji F800EXR
Fuji F900EXR
Fuji X-Pro1
Fuji X-Pro2
Fuji X-A1
Fuji X-A2
Fuji X-E1
Fuji X-E2
Fuji X-E2S
Fuji X-H1
Fuji X-M1
Fuji X-S1
Fuji X-T1
Fuji X-T2
Fuji X-T10
Fuji X-T20
Fuji XF1
Fuji XQ1
Fuji XQ2
Fuji X100
Fuji X100F
Fuji X100S
Fuji X100T
Fuji X10
Fuji X20
Fuji X30
Fuji X70
Fuji IS-1
Hasselblad CFV
Hasselblad CFV-2
Hasselblad H3D
Hasselblad H4D
Hasselblad V96C
Hasselblad X1D
Imacon Ixpress 16-megapixel
Imacon Ixpress 22-megapixel
Imacon Ixpress 39-megapixel
ISG 2020x1520
Kodak DC20
Kodak DC25
Kodak DC40
Kodak DC50
Kodak DC120 (also try kdc2tiff)
Kodak DCS200
Kodak DCS315C
Kodak DCS330C
Kodak DCS420
Kodak DCS460
Kodak DCS460A
Kodak DCS460D
Kodak DCS520C
Kodak DCS560C
Kodak DCS620C
Kodak DCS620X
Kodak DCS660C
Kodak DCS660M
Kodak DCS720X
Kodak DCS760C
Kodak DCS760M
Kodak EOSDCS1
Kodak EOSDCS3B
Kodak NC2000F
Kodak ProBack
Kodak PB645C
Kodak PB645H
Kodak PB645M
Kodak DCS Pro 14n
Kodak DCS Pro 14nx
Kodak DCS Pro SLR/c
Kodak DCS Pro SLR/n
Kodak C330
Kodak C603
Kodak P850
Kodak P880
Kodak Z980
Kodak Z981
Kodak Z990
Kodak Z1015
Kodak KAI-0340
Konica KD-400Z
Konica KD-510Z
Leaf AFi 7
Leaf AFi-II 12
Leaf Aptus 17
Leaf Aptus 22
Leaf Aptus 54S
Leaf Aptus 65
Leaf Aptus 75
Leaf Aptus 75S
Leaf Cantare
Leaf CatchLight
Leaf CMost
Leaf DCB2
Leaf Valeo 6
Leaf Valeo 11
Leaf Valeo 17
Leaf Valeo 22
Leaf Volare
Leica C (Typ 112)
Leica CL
Leica Digilux 2
Leica Digilux 3
Leica D-LUX2
Leica D-LUX3
Leica D-LUX4
Leica D-LUX5
Leica D-LUX6
Leica D-LUX (Typ 109)
Leica M (Typ 240)
Leica M (Typ 262)
Leica M Monochrom (Typ 246)
Leica M8
Leica M9
Leica M10
Leica Q (Typ 116)
Leica R8
Leica S (Typ 007)
Leica SL (Typ 601)
Leica T (Typ 701)
Leica TL
Leica TL2
Leica V-LUX1
Leica V-LUX2
Leica V-LUX3
Leica V-LUX4
Leica V-LUX (Typ 114)
Leica X VARIO (Typ 107)
Leica X1
Leica X2
Leica X (Typ 113)
Leica X-E (Typ 102)
Leica X-U (Typ 113)
Lenovo A820
Logitech Fotoman Pixtura
Mamiya ZD
Matrix 4608x3288
Micron 2010
Minolta RD175
Minolta DiMAGE 5
Minolta DiMAGE 7
Minolta DiMAGE 7i
Minolta DiMAGE 7Hi
Minolta DiMAGE A1
Minolta DiMAGE A2
Minolta DiMAGE A200
Minolta DiMAGE G400
Minolta DiMAGE G500
Minolta DiMAGE G530
Minolta DiMAGE G600
Minolta DiMAGE Z2
Minolta Alpha/Dynax/Maxxum 5D
Minolta Alpha/Dynax/Maxxum 7D
Motorola PIXL
Nikon D1
Nikon D1H
Nikon D1X
Nikon D2H
Nikon D2Hs
Nikon D2X
Nikon D2Xs
Nikon D3
Nikon D3s
Nikon D3X
Nikon D4
Nikon D4s
Nikon Df
Nikon D40
Nikon D40X
Nikon D5
Nikon D50
Nikon D60
Nikon D70
Nikon D70s
Nikon D80
Nikon D90
Nikon D100
Nikon D200
Nikon D300
Nikon D300s
Nikon D500
Nikon D600
Nikon D610
Nikon D700
Nikon D750
Nikon D800
Nikon D800E
Nikon D810
Nikon D850
Nikon D3000
Nikon D3100
Nikon D3200
Nikon D3300
Nikon D3400
Nikon D5000
Nikon D5100
Nikon D5200
Nikon D5300
Nikon D5500
Nikon D7000
Nikon D7100
Nikon D7200
Nikon D7500
Nikon 1 AW1
Nikon 1 J1
Nikon 1 J2
Nikon 1 J3
Nikon 1 J4
Nikon 1 J5
Nikon 1 S1
Nikon 1 V1
Nikon 1 V2
Nikon 1 V3
Nikon E700 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E800 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E880 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E900 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E950 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E990 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E995 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E2100 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E2500 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E3200 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E3700 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E4300 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E4500 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nikon E5000
Nikon E5400
Nikon E5700
Nikon E8400
Nikon E8700
Nikon E8800
Nikon Coolpix A
Nikon Coolpix P330
Nikon Coolpix P340
Nikon Coolpix P6000
Nikon Coolpix P7000
Nikon Coolpix P7100
Nikon Coolpix P7700
Nikon Coolpix P7800
Nikon Coolpix S6 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
Nokia N9
Nokia N95
Nokia X2
Nokia 1200x1600
Nokia Lumia 1020
Olympus AIR-A01
Olympus C3030Z
Olympus C5050Z
Olympus C5060WZ
Olympus C7070WZ
Olympus C70Z,C7000Z
Olympus C740UZ
Olympus C770UZ
Olympus C8080WZ
Olympus X200,D560Z,C350Z
Olympus E-1
Olympus E-3
Olympus E-5
Olympus E-10
Olympus E-20
Olympus E-30
Olympus E-300
Olympus E-330
Olympus E-400
Olympus E-410
Olympus E-420
Olympus E-500
Olympus E-510
Olympus E-520
Olympus E-620
Olympus E-M1
Olympus E-M1 Mark II
Olympus E-M5
Olympus E-M5 Mark II
Olympus E-M10
Olympus E-M10 Mark II
Olympus E-M10 Mark III
Olympus E-P1
Olympus E-P2
Olympus E-P3
Olympus E-P5
Olympus E-PL1
Olympus E-PL1s
Olympus E-PL2
Olympus E-PL3
Olympus E-PL5
Olympus E-PL7
Olympus E-PL8
Olympus E-PL9
Olympus E-PM1
Olympus E-PM2
Olympus PEN-F
Olympus SH-2
Olympus SP310
Olympus SP320
Olympus SP350
Olympus SP500UZ
Olympus SP510UZ
Olympus SP550UZ
Olympus SP560UZ
Olympus SP570UZ
Olympus STYLUS1
Olympus TG-4
Olympus TG-5
Olympus XZ-1
Olympus XZ-2
Olympus XZ-10
OmniVision OV5647 (Raspberry Pi)
Panasonic DMC-CM1
Panasonic DMC-FZ8
Panasonic DMC-FZ18
Panasonic DMC-FZ28
Panasonic DMC-FZ30
Panasonic DMC-FZ35/FZ38
Panasonic DMC-FZ40
Panasonic DMC-FZ50
Panasonic DMC-FZ70
Panasonic DC-FZ80
Panasonic DMC-FZ100
Panasonic DMC-FZ150
Panasonic DMC-FZ200
Panasonic DMC-FZ300
Panasonic DMC-FZ330
Panasonic DMC-FZ1000
Panasonic DMC-FZ2000
Panasonic DMC-FX150
Panasonic DMC-G1
Panasonic DMC-G2
Panasonic DMC-G3
Panasonic DMC-G5
Panasonic DMC-G6
Panasonic DMC-G7
Panasonic DC-G9
Panasonic DMC-G80
Panasonic DMC-GF1
Panasonic DMC-GF2
Panasonic DMC-GF3
Panasonic DMC-GF5
Panasonic DMC-GF6
Panasonic DMC-GF7
Panasonic DMC-GH1
Panasonic DMC-GH2
Panasonic DMC-GH3
Panasonic DMC-GH4
Panasonic DC-GH5
Panasonic DMC-GM1
Panasonic DMC-GM5
Panasonic DMC-GX1
Panasonic DMC-GX7
Panasonic DMC-GX8
Panasonic DC-GX9
Panasonic DMC-GX80
Panasonic DC-GX800
Panasonic DMC-L1
Panasonic DMC-L10
Panasonic DMC-LC1
Panasonic DMC-LF1
Panasonic DMC-LX1
Panasonic DMC-LX2
Panasonic DMC-LX3
Panasonic DMC-LX5
Panasonic DMC-LX7
Panasonic DMC-LX15
Panasonic DMC-LX100
Panasonic DMC-TZ61
Panasonic DMC-TZ80
Panasonic DC-TZ90
Panasonic DMC-TZ100
Panasonic DC-TZ200
Panasonic DMC-ZS40
Pentax *ist D
Pentax *ist DL
Pentax *ist DL2
Pentax *ist DS
Pentax *ist DS2
Pentax K10D
Pentax K20D
Pentax K100D
Pentax K100D Super
Pentax K200D
Pentax K2000/K-m
Pentax K-x
Pentax K-r
Pentax K-1
Pentax K-3
Pentax K-3 II
Pentax K-5
Pentax K-5 II
Pentax K-5 II s
Pentax K-50
Pentax K-70
Pentax K-500
Pentax K-7
Pentax K-S1
Pentax K-S2
Pentax KP
Pentax Optio S
Pentax Optio S4
Pentax Optio 33WR
Pentax Optio 750Z
Pentax Q-S1
Pentax Q7
Pentax 645D
Pentax 645Z
Phase One LightPhase
Phase One H 10
Phase One H 20
Phase One H 25
Phase One P 20
Phase One P 25
Phase One P 30
Phase One P 45
Phase One P 45+
Photron BC2-HD
Pixelink A782
Polaroid x530
Redcode R3D format
Ricoh GR
Ricoh GR II
Ricoh GX200
Ricoh GXR MOUNT A12
Ricoh GXR A16
Rollei d530flex
RoverShot 3320af
Samsung EK-GN120
Samsung EX1
Samsung EX2F
Samsung GX-1S
Samsung GX10
Samsung GX20
Samsung NX1
Samsung NX10
Samsung NX11
Samsung NX100
Samsung NX20
Samsung NX200
Samsung NX210
Samsung NX30
Samsung NX300
Samsung NX300M
Samsung NX500
Samsung NX1000
Samsung NX1100
Samsung NX2000
Samsung NX3000
Samsung NX mini
Samsung WB550
Samsung WB2000
Samsung S85 (hacked)
Samsung S850 (hacked)
Sarnoff 4096x5440
Sigma SD9
Sigma SD10
Sigma SD14
Sigma SD15
Sigma SD1
Sigma SD1 Merill
Sigma DP1
Sigma DP1 Merill
Sigma DP1S
Sigma DP1X
Sigma DP2
Sigma DP2 Merill
Sigma DP2S
Sigma DP2X
Sinar 3072x2048
Sinar 4080x4080
Sinar 4080x5440
Sinar STI format
SMaL Ultra-Pocket 3
SMaL Ultra-Pocket 4
SMaL Ultra-Pocket 5
Sony DSC-F828
Sony DSC-R1
Sony DSC-RX0
Sony DSC-RX1
Sony DSC-RX1R
Sony DSC-RX1RM2
Sony DSC-RX10
Sony DSC-RX10M2
Sony DSC-RX10M3
Sony DSC-RX10M4
Sony DSC-RX100
Sony DSC-RX100M2
Sony DSC-RX100M3
Sony DSC-RX100M4
Sony DSC-RX100M5
Sony DSC-V3
Sony DSLR-A100
Sony DSLR-A200
Sony DSLR-A230
Sony DSLR-A290
Sony DSLR-A300
Sony DSLR-A330
Sony DSLR-A350
Sony DSLR-A380
Sony DSLR-A450
Sony DSLR-A500
Sony DSLR-A550
Sony DSLR-A580
Sony DSLR-A700
Sony DSLR-A850
Sony DSLR-A900
Sony ILCA-68
Sony ILCA-77M2
Sony ILCA-99M2
Sony ILCE-7
Sony ILCE-7M2
Sony ILCE-7M3
Sony ILCE-7R
Sony ILCE-7RM2
Sony ILCE-7RM3
Sony ILCE-7S
Sony ILCE-7SM2
Sony ILCE-9
Sony ILCE-3000
Sony ILCE-5000
Sony ILCE-5100
Sony ILCE-6000
Sony ILCE-6300
Sony ILCE-6500
Sony ILCE-QX1
Sony NEX-3
Sony NEX-3N
Sony NEX-5
Sony NEX-5N
Sony NEX-5R
Sony NEX-5T
Sony NEX-6
Sony NEX-7
Sony NEX-C3
Sony NEX-F3
Sony SLT-A33
Sony SLT-A35
Sony SLT-A37
Sony SLT-A55V
Sony SLT-A57
Sony SLT-A58
Sony SLT-A65V
Sony SLT-A77V
Sony SLT-A99V
Sony XCD-SX910CR
STV680 VGA
Xiro Xplorer V
YI M1