clang-libdos

This is work in progress, but the parts finished are usable.

What's this?

In short: A little collection trying to mimic the most basic parts of a C standard library for real mode DOS programs (.COM files).

If you try creating a real mode DOS program, you either use some ages-old compilers (or, compilers using ages-old syntax ... K&R that is), or you're completely on your own, left with nothing but the BIOS and DOS interrupt routines, accessible through inline assembly. This random collection of code tries to fill the gap.

LLVM/clang (and, more recently, GCC) provide the -m16 switch for compiling to real mode code. It's a bit counter-intuitive, because this still creates code making use of all the long instructions and 32bit registers, so the code will not work on any processor that doesn't support the whole i386 instruction set. It just means it will run in the 16bit-"based" real mode, so it's possible to create a DOS .COM executable with a little linker magic. Read this very interesting blog post by Christopher Wellons for more details -- it's a great read and it was written before the -m16 switch was introduced, so things were even more complicated.

How does this relate to clang?

Well, GCC seems still a bit more buggy with -m16 than clang. clang already does a great job optimizing the code without breaking it for real mode. Apart from that, there's one issue: real mode applications typically use BIOS and DOS interrupt routines. Some BIOSes are buggy. There's at least one routine (the one for scrolling the console, so something needed regularly) I know of that clobbers the ebp (base pointer for the current stack frame) register on buggy BIOSes. Declaring that in your inline assembly, GCC just refuses to compile.[1] clang doesn't complain. As I don't know of any other modern compilers targeting real mode, this project is now tied to clang.

Features

basic heap management (malloc() and friends). realloc() is currently untested, calloc() is not (yet?) supported.
A non-standard conio.h interface aiming to provide an API around the most commonly used int 10h BIOS routines.
A non-standard rtctimer.h providing a waitable timer on top of BIOS RTC timer routines. Values are given in microseconds, but the typical precision available is 977 µs. This doesn't seem to work with every BIOS (works in DOSBox, doesn't work in VirtualBox), so maybe replace with some assembly implementation using the RTC directly later ...
very limited libc functionality, including the *printf() family [2], error handling through errno.h, some string.h functions, some time.h functions, a very simple PRNG for rand() and fake stdio streams just for stdin, stdout and stderr. See the source for details.
very limited curses.h emulation, which could be enough for very basic curses-based programs. Handling of WINDOWs and comparison of physical and virtual screen are implemented, but be warned that this consumes memory ... a precious thing in a .COM file limited to 64KB. So, if you don't need curses, just leave curses.o out when linking.

Why?

Because we can. My goal right now is to implement enough runtime foo to get my cursedsnake game to compile to a working .COM file. Just for fun. Update 2015-08-07: This is finally working. Have a look at the libdos.mk Makefile over there on how to use this project in a real-world app/game.

How to use?

See the Makefile in this repository. It has some options enabled to save space like passing up to 3 arguments in registers and letting the linker eliminate unused code and data. At the time being, the clang available in Debian stable messes up at the assembler step with at least one instruction (lea) when compiling for real mode. This would lead to strange heisenbugs in the resulting binary. So, for now, the Makefile lets clang only create optimized assembly source, which is then passed to the GNU assembler.

Important: core.o must be the first object file on your linking stage commandline. It contains the startup code and as .COM doesn't have any headers, whatever comes first in the binary will be executed at startup.

If you don't need commandline arguments in your program (so, if your main function is declared int main(void)), pass -DNOARGV while compiling to save a few bytes in the startup code.

Footnotes

[1] The Linux kernel uses GCC for its bootcode. They came up with a big wrapper done in assembly around BIOS interrupt routines saving and restoring all registers, obviously being fed up with BIOS bugs. Of course, that's a nice approach for boot code, but in your real mode DOS application, you probably don't want to do such a thing.
[2] In the current implementation, the only format specifiers allowed are s, c, d, u, x and X. Flags for padding ( and 0) and field-widths are understood as well as length specifiers from hh to l. No advanced features of printf() are supported and there's barely any error-checking, so be careful with your format strings. For s and c, any flags and field-widths are currently ignored.