Shout out to Gnu3duck5 and clampz!
We are given a python file cpushop.py
and the address of a server which runs cpushop.py
when you connect.
When you first run cpushop
we are presented with a menu:
CPU Shop
Money: $1530
1. List Items
2. Order
3. Pay
4. Exit
After each command (besides exit), you are returned to the menu. We can list the cpuz for sale:
Command: 1
0 - Intel Core i9-7900X $999
1 - Intel Core i7-7820X $599
2 - Intel Core i7-7700K $349
3 - Intel Core i5-7600K $249
4 - Intel Core i3-7350K $179
5 - AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X $999
6 - AMD Ryzen 7 1800X $499
7 - AMD Ryzen 5 1600X $249
8 - AMD Ryzen 3 1300X $149
9 - Flag $99999
And order a cpu:
Command: 2
Product ID: 5
Your order:
product=AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X&price=999×tamp=1526865369263614&sign=8ec4caf18691523024d395216d1595ef398e306609840952240b05177fdbcee5
We are given an order
string which encodes the order parameters as a url query string.
We use this string when we pay:
Command: 3
Your order:
product=AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X&price=999×tamp=1526865369263614&sign=8ec4caf18691523024d395216d1595ef398e306609840952240b05177fdbcee5
Your current money: $531
You have bought AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X
It is clear that
- We need to buy the "Flag" product.
- The flag product is way too expensive for us to afford.
- The
order
string encodes the name of theproduct
, itsprice
, and is cryptographicallysign
ed - We need to forge a signed
order
with a lower price.
Let's now look at the code for cpushop.py
On line 14
we see that signkey
is a random alphanumeric string of length between 8 and 32.
signkey = ''.join([random.choice(string.letters+string.digits) for _ in xrange(random.randint(8,32))])
On line 28-29
in the order
method we see that a new order is signed using the following scheme:
sign = sha256(signkey+payment).hexdigest()
payment += '&sign=%s' % sign
This scheme is vulnerable to length extension attack.
A sha256
hash is not intended to be used as a message authentication code as it is here in cpushop
.
Given only a message
, the signature of the message (i.e. sha256(key + message)
), and the length of the key
, we use this attack to concatenate onto the original message and find the signature of this new message without knowing the key.
Since we don't know the length of the key
, except that it's between 8 and 32, we can attempt to forge an order
for each of these lengths.
On lines 36-48
of the pay
function we see the order query string is split into the signature (i.e. sign
) and the rest of the parameters (i.e. payment
).
payment = raw_input().strip()
sp = payment.rfind('&sign=')
if sp == -1:
print 'Invalid Order!'
return
sign = payment[sp+6:]
try:
sign = sign.decode('hex')
except TypeError:
print 'Invalid Order!'
return
payment = payment[:sp]
Then we see in lines 49-52
that the query string sans the signature is signed, and compared to the signature that was in the order.
signchk = sha256(signkey+payment).digest()
if signchk != sign:
print 'Invalid Order!'
return
In the pay
function method on lines 54-62
we see that the parameters in the order
url query string are iterated over and the price and product values are set.
for k,v in parse_qsl(payment):
if k == 'product':
product = v
elif k == 'price':
try:
price = int(v)
except ValueError:
print 'Invalid Order!'
return
Therefore, if we append &price=1
to the parameters the price
variable will be overwritten.
In cpushop_solution.py
we implement this attack using the hashpumpy
library and the function hashpump
.
The function modify
is the interesting part of the solution.
modify
takes a signed order string, and creates a new singned order string with &price=1
concatenated to the parameters.
def modify(o, key_len):
split = '&sign='
index = o.find(split)
signature = o[index + len(split):]
message = o[:index]
new_signature, modified_message = hashpump(signature, message, '&price=1', key_len)
return modified_message + split + new_signature
The rest of the program connects to the service, order
s the "Flag" product, then for each possible key length, calls modify
to forge a flag order string to set the price to 1, and attempts to pay
using this forged order.
Running the program we get
❯ python cpushop_solution.py
[+] Opening connection to cpushop.2018.teamrois.cn on port 43000: Done
[+] Finding flag: RCTF{ha5h_l3ngth_ex7ens10n_a77ack_1s_ez}
[*] Closed connection to cpushop.2018.teamrois.cn port 43000
Thanks for reading!