- Use list comprehensions and generator expressions to accomplish complex tasks in a single line of code.
- Execute and test Python code using the Python shell and
pytest.
- Sequence: a data structure in which data is stored and accessed in a specific order.
- Index: the location, represented by an integer, of an element in a sequence.
- Iterable: able to be broken down into smaller parts of equal size that can be processed in turn. You can loop through any iterable object.
- Slice: a group of neighboring elements in a sequence.
- Mutable: an object that can be changed.
- Immutable: an object that cannot be changed. (Many immutable objects appear mutable because programmers reuse their names for new objects.)
- List: a mutable data type in Python that can store many types of data. The most common data structure in Python.
- Tuple: an immutable data type in Python that can store many types of data.
- Range: a data type in Python that stores integers in a fixed pattern.
- String: an immutable data type in Python that stores unicode characters in a fixed pattern. Iterable and indexed, just like other sequences.
Guido van Rossum strove to make Python's syntax very easy to read. Most keywords in Python are common English, and many statements can be read left-to-right as if they were English sentences.
Many coding languages suffer from the inability to convey simple ideas in a simple way. Ideas that you could explain in a few words might take several incomprehensible lines in C. Python has several features intended to solve this problem; list comprehensions and generator expressions are among the most common.
Certain lists are very straightforward to create- some are even passed into your code as parameters and don't require any work at all. Others take a bit more effort:
squared_minus_one = list()
for n in range(1, 11):
squared_minus_one.append((n ** 2) - 1)
print(squared_minus_one)
# [0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, 48, 63, 80, 99]A list comprehension allows us to skip certain steps when we generate
squared_minus_one:
squared_minus_one = [(n **2) - 1 for n in range(1, 11)]
print(squared_minus_one)
# [0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, 48, 63, 80, 99]A list comprehension allows us to instantiate a list object and perform a for
loop to populate its values in a single line. Because the contents of our
original for loop are straightforward, we can rewrite them on a single line
without making our code hard to read.
Additionally, because list comprehensions are executed as a single line of code,
we do not need to define squared_minus_one beforehand. Using a list
comprehension instead of a traditional for loop, we can create our new
list and assign its values in one line instead of three.
Which data type does a list comprehension return?
my_lc = [n for n in range(10)]
type(my_lc)
# <class 'list'>
The syntax of a list comprehension is as follows:
new_list = [optional_operation(item) for item in old_list if optional_condition == True]You do not need to perform an operation on the items in your original list or include any conditions in your list comprehension. These options allow you to eliminate even more bulk from your code!
Generator expressions are very similar to list comprehensions. They use almost identical syntax to produce iterable objects in a single line:
one_to_three = range(1,4)
# A list comprehension uses square brackets
squared_lc = [n ** 2 for n in one_to_three]
# A generator expression uses parentheses
squared_ge = (n ** 2 for n in one_to_three)
# Looping through each shows identical values...
for n in squared_lc:
print(n)
# 1
# 4
# 9
for n in squared_ge:
print(n)
# 1
# 4
# 9
# But the objects are NOT identical
print(squared_lc)
# [1, 4, 9]
print(squared_ge)
# <generator object <genexpr>>Generator expressions produce generator objects instead of lists. In most
code that you will write, list comprehensions are preferable.
The key difference between list comprehensions and generator expressions is that list comprehensions create new, complete lists while generator expressions save the code to create new, complete lists.
Because list comprehensions create the lists as soon as they are read by the interpreter, their data is easily accessible. A list is much faster to use than a generator.
That being said, you might not always want a full list hanging around in memory. Let's check the size of the two objects in the Python shell:
# sys allows us to look into system memory, among other things
import sys
list_comprehension = [n for n in range(100000)]
generator_expression = (n for n in range(100000))
# Returns the size of an object in bytes
sys.getsizeof(list_comprehension)
# 824456
sys.getsizeof(generator_expression)
# 112When writing code for yourself, you will almost always use list comprehensions. If you're ever working with big datasets in your career, remember that generator expressions will use less memory and keep your servers happy.
We will explore generator expressions in greater depth when we introduce file input/output and database queries later in phase 3.
Which statement uses square brackets: list comprehensions or generator expressions?
list_comprehension = [n for n in range(10)]
generator_expression = (n for n in range(10))
Time to get some practice! Write your code in the list_comprehension.py file
in the lib folder. Run pytest -x to check your work. Your goal is to
practice creating lists using list comprehensions.
Using a list comprehension, write a function return_evens() that returns a
list of all of the even elements of a sequence of integers.
return_evens([0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9])
# [0, 8]Using a list comprehension, write a function make_exclamation() that takes
a list of sentence strings and returns a list of sentence strings with
exclamation marks at the end.
make_exclamation(["Hello", "I'm doing great", "Python is fun"])
# ["Hello!", "I'm doing great!", "Python is fun!"]When all of your tests are passing, submit your work using git.