Kubernetes Operator Pythonic Framework (Kopf)

Kopf —Kubernetes Operator Pythonic Framework— is a framework and a library to make Kubernetes operators development easier, just in a few lines of Python code.

The main goal is to bring the Domain-Driven Design to the infrastructure level, with Kubernetes being an orchestrator/database of the domain objects (custom resources), and the operators containing the domain logic (with no or minimal infrastructure logic).

However, it brings its own vision on how to write operators and controllers, which is not always in line with the agreed best practices of the Kubernetes world, sometimes the opposite of those. Here is the indicative publicly available summary:

Please do not use Kopf, it is a nightmare of controller bad practices and some of its implicit behaviors will annihilate your API server. The individual handler approach it encourages is the exact opposite of how you should write a Kubernetes controller. Like fundamentally it teaches you the exact opposite mindset you should be in. Using Kopf legitimately has taken years off my life and it took down our clusters several times because of poor code practices on our side and sh***y defaults on its end. We have undergone the herculean effort to move all our controllers to pure golang and the result has been a much more stable ecosystem. /Jmc_da_boss/

Think twice before you step into this territory ;-)

The project was originally started as zalando-incubator/kopf in March 2019, and then forked as nolar/kopf in August 2020: but it is the same codebase, the same packages, the same developer(s).

As of now, the project is in maintenance mode since approximately mid-2021: Python, Kubernetes, CI tooling, dependencies are upgraded, new bugs are fixed, new versions are released from time to time, but no new big features are added — there is nothing to add to this project without exploding its scope beyond the "operator framework" definition (ideas are welcome!).

Documentation

https://kopf.readthedocs.io/

Features

Simple, but powerful:
- A full-featured operator in just 2 files: a Dockerfile + a Python file (*).
- Handling functions registered via decorators with a declarative approach.
- No infrastructure boilerplate code with K8s API communication.
- Both sync and async handlers, with sync ones being threaded under the hood.
- Detailed documentation with examples.
Intuitive mapping of Python concepts to Kubernetes concepts and back:
- Marshalling of resources' data to the handlers' kwargs.
- Marshalling of handlers' results to the resources' statuses.
- Publishing of logging messages as Kubernetes events linked to the resources.
Support anything that exists in K8s:
- Custom K8s resources.
- Builtin K8s resources (pods, namespaces, etc).
- Multiple resource types in one operator.
- Both cluster and namespaced operators.
All the ways of handling that a developer can wish for:
- Low-level handlers for events received from K8s APIs "as is" (an equivalent of informers).
- High-level handlers for detected causes of changes (creation, updates with diffs, deletion).
- Handling of selected fields only instead of the whole objects (if needed).
- Dynamically generated or conditional sub-handlers (an advanced feature).
- Timers that tick as long as the resource exists, optionally with a delay since the last change.
- Daemons that run as long as the resource exists (in threads or asyncio-tasks).
- Validating and mutating admission webhook (with dev-mode tunneling).
- Live in-memory indexing of resources or their excerpts.
- Filtering with stealth mode (no logging): by arbitrary filtering functions, by labels/annotations with values, presence/absence, or dynamic callbacks.
- In-memory all-purpose containers to store non-serializable objects for individual resources.
Eventual consistency of handling:
- Retrying the handlers in case of arbitrary errors until they succeed.
- Special exceptions to request a special retry or to never retry again.
- Custom limits for the number of attempts or the time.
- Implicit persistence of the progress that survives the operator restarts.
- Tolerance to restarts and lengthy downtimes: handles the changes afterwards.
Awareness of other Kopf-based operators:
- Configurable identities for different Kopf-based operators for the same resource kinds.
- Avoiding double-processing due to cross-pod awareness of the same operator ("peering").
- Pausing of a deployed operator when a dev-mode operator runs outside of the cluster.
Extra toolkits and integrations:
- Some limited support for object hierarchies with name/labels propagation.
- Friendly to any K8s client libraries (and is client agnostic).
- Startup/cleanup operator-level handlers.
- Liveness probing endpoints and rudimentary metrics exports.
- Basic testing toolkit for in-memory per-test operator running.
- Embeddable into other Python applications.
Highly configurable (to some reasonable extent).

(*) Small font: two files of the operator itself, plus some amount of deployment files like RBAC roles, bindings, service accounts, network policies — everything needed to deploy an application in your specific infrastructure.

Examples

See examples for the examples of the typical use-cases.

A minimalistic operator can look like this:

import kopf

@kopf.on.create('kopfexamples')
def create_fn(spec, name, meta, status, **kwargs):
    print(f"And here we are! Created {name} with spec: {spec}")

Numerous kwargs are available, such as body, meta, spec, status, name, namespace, retry, diff, old, new, logger, etc: see Arguments

To run a never-exiting function for every resource as long as it exists:

import time
import kopf

@kopf.daemon('kopfexamples')
def my_daemon(spec, stopped, **kwargs):
    while not stopped:
        print(f"Object's spec: {spec}")
        time.sleep(1)

Or the same with the timers:

import kopf

@kopf.timer('kopfexamples', interval=1)
def my_timer(spec, **kwargs):
    print(f"Object's spec: {spec}")

That easy! For more features, see the documentation.

Usage

Python 3.8+ is required: CPython and PyPy are officially supported and tested; other Python implementations can work too.

We assume that when the operator is executed in the cluster, it must be packaged into a docker image with a CI/CD tool of your preference.

FROM python:3.12
ADD . /src
RUN pip install kopf
CMD kopf run /src/handlers.py --verbose

Where handlers.py is your Python script with the handlers (see examples/*/example.py for the examples).

See kopf run --help for other ways of attaching the handlers.

Contributing

Please read CONTRIBUTING.md for details on our process for submitting pull requests to us, and please ensure you follow the CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.

To install the environment for the local development, read DEVELOPMENT.md.

Versioning

We use SemVer for versioning. For the versions available, see the releases on this repository.

License

This project is licensed under the MIT License — see the LICENSE file for details.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Zalando for starting this project in Zalando's Open-Source Incubator in the first place.
Thanks to @side8 and their k8s-operator for inspiration.