/Machining_Formulas

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General Turning Formulas and Definitions

When machining in lathes, turning centers, or multi-task machines, calculating the correct values for different machining parameters like cutting speed and spindle speed is a crucial factor for good results. In this section, you will find the formulas and definitions needed for general turning.

metric imperial
Cutting speed $vc (m/min)$ Cutting speed $vc (ft/min)$
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Spindle speed $n (rpm)$ Spindle speed $n (rpm)$
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Metal removal rate $Q(cm^3/min)$ Metal removal rate $Q(cm^3/min)$
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Net power $Pc(kW)$ Net power $Pc(HP)$
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Machining time $Tc(min)$ Machining time $Tc(min)$
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Symbol Designation/definition Unit, metric (imperial)
$Dm$​ Machined diameter mm (inch) ​ mm (inch)
$fn$ Feed per revolution​ mm/r (inch/r)
$ap$​ Cutting depth ​ mm (inch)
$vc$ Cutting speed ​ m/min (feet/min)
$n$ Spindle speed rpm rpm
$Pc$​ Net power kW HP
$Q$ Metal removal rate $cm^3/min$ $(inch^3/min)$
$hm$​ Average chip thickness​ mm (inch)
$hex$ Maximum chip thickness mm (inch)
$Tc$​ Period of engagement​ min
$lm$ Machined length​ mm (inch)
$kc$​ Specific cutting force N/mm2 (N/inch2)
KAPR​ Entering angle degree
PSIR​​ Lead angle​ degree
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Milling Formulas and Definitions

Here you will find a collection of good to have milling formulas and definitions that are used when it comes to the milling process, milling cutters, milling techniques, and more. Knowing how to calculate correct cutting speed, feed per tooth, or metal removal rate is crucial for good results in any milling operation.

metric imperial
Table feed, $v(mm/min)$ Table feed, $(inch/min)$
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Cutting speed, $(m/min)$ Cutting speed, $(ft/min)$
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Spindel speed, $n(n/min)$ Spindel speed, $(n/rpm)$
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Feed per tooth, $f(mm)$ Feed per tooth, $f(inch)$
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Feed per revolution, $f(mm/rev) Feed per revolution, $f(inch/rev)
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Metal removal rate, $Q (cm/min)$ Metal removal rate, $Q (inch/min$)
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Net power, $P(kW)$ Net power, $P(HP)$
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Torque, $M(Nm)$ Torque, $M(.lbf ft)$
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Symbol Designation/definition Metric Imperial
$ae$ Radial depth of cut mm inch
$ap$ Axial depth of cut mm inch
$DCap$ Cutting diameter at cutting depth $ap$ mm inch
$Dm$ Machined diameter (component diameter) mm inch
$fz$ Feed per tooth mm inch
$fn$ Feed per revolution mm/rev inch/rev
$n$ Spindle speed rpm rpm
$vc$ Cutting speed m/min ft/min
$ve$ Effective cutting speed mm/min inch/min
$vf$ Table feed mm/min inch/min
$zc$ Number of effective teeth pcs pcs
$hex$ Maximum chip thickness mm inch
$hm$ Average chip thickness mm inch
$kc$ Specific cutting force $N/mm^2$ $N/inch^2
$Pc$ Net power kW HP
$Mc$ Torque Nm lbf ft
$Q$ Metal removal rate $cm^3/min$ $inch^3/min$
KAPR Entering angle degree
PSIR Lead angle degree
BD Body diameter mm inch
DC Cutting diameter mm inch
LU Usable length mm inch