This FPGA computation has raised the bar:
Q(27) = 234907967154122528
Seven years after the computation of Q(26), this project lets FPGAs prevail again.
The Q27 Project is a showcase for a massively parallel computation to tackle an otherwise infeasible problem. It demonstrates the tremendous computational power of designated circuit designs implemented on FPGA accelerators at the example of enumerating and counting all the valid solutions of the 27-Queens Puzzle.
- Full Computation Logs.
- Putting Queens in Carry Chains, No. 27, Journal of Signal Processing Systems, Sep. 2016.
- Pitch Presentation: Putting Queens in Carry Chains — No. 27 —.
- Xcell Daily Blog: Solving the N-Queens Puzzle for 27 Queens using FPGAs.
This project is licensed under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3. A verbatim copy of the license document is contained within this repository.
The VHDL implementation builds upon the PoC Library, which is published under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.
Sep 19, 2016: Mission completed - there are 234907967154122528 solutions of the 27-Queens Puzzle. 29363791967678199, i.e. very slightly more than an eighth, of them had actually to be discovered by the computation running for slightly more than a year.
Jan 22, 2016: The queens within the pre-placements advanced out of the overlap of west and south pre-placing region. This virtually broke a sound barrier! While, indeed, expecting an accelaration of the computation due to moving to more constrained pre-placements now typically comprising eight (8) queens, the observed speedup of 10 was still an exciting surprise. Given the behavior observed for the 26-Queens Puzzle as well as the 27-Queens Puzzle so far, a gradual slowdown must, however, be expected from here: subtaks seem to yield more solutions and take longer to compute as the pre-placed queens move closer to the center of their column.
Jan 11, 2016: Triggered by the extremely different synthesis results obtained for essentially the same FPGA devices found on the KC705 and the DNK7 FPGAs boards, Vivado was given a chance for all Xilinx Gen-7 platforms. The results are just unbelievably amazing:
- KC705: 67% more solvers, 7% faster clock, and
- VC707: 56% more solvers, 2% faster clock.
This is not just a different trade-off but truly tremendously better! The only shade of a cloud that Vivado leaves is that it required a workaround for dealing with physical VHDL types properly.
Dec 2015: With our new multi-FPGA cluster setup and running, we hope to make considerable computational progress over the holidays. (Yes, we let them labor hard while we relax.) Check out the performance figures to appreciate their contribution.
Q27 demonstrates the tremendous power of compute accelerators provided through FPGA resources.
- Training: As the design virtually scales arbitrarily, it can be used:
- to practice the performance tuning of large circuits cramped on filled FPGA devices, and
- to practice trading off size (more solver slices) against clock speed (performance of a single solver).
- Engineering: As the problem is heavily compute- rather than communication-bound, further optimization potential may be explored in:
- moving the solver communication from the compute clock domain into the slow clock domain (which is currently only used for system services such as the fan control), and
- using independent regional clock resources for subsets of the solver slices.
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Benchmarking: Being able to tune the design size at a relatively fine granularity establishes a case for evaluating the resource balance of a device. For instance, it can be determined if the further growth of a design fails on routing or on logic resources or how fast the routing performance drops as the device is being cramped.
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Vanity: Top our own world record from 2009 obtained by computing Q(26)=22.317.699.616.364.044 using a similar distributed FPGA infrastructure.
Since we are through with the computation, the interesting remaing question is whether or not we are right. An independent confirmation of the result would be great. While Q(26) was confirmed less than two months later by a competing second effort using to Russian supercomputers, it appears more patience is needed this time. Nonetheless, you are invited to:
- check the implemented algorithm, and
- verify individual subtotals.
The full computation log is available for reference.
| Count | Board | Family | Device | Solvers | Clock | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1x | VC707 | Xilinx Virtex-7 | XC7VX485T-2 | 325 | 250.0 MHz | 812 |
| (1x) | (VC707) | (Xilinx Virtex-7) | (XC7VX485T-2) | (360) | (248.0 MHz) | (892) |
| 1x | KC705 | Xilinx Kintex-7 | XC7K325T-2 | 250 | 284.4 MHz | 711 |
| 1x | ML605 | Xilinx Virtex-6 | XC6VLX240T-1 | 127 | 171.4 MHz | 217 |
| 2x | DE4 | Altera Stratix IV GX | EP4SGX230KF40C2 | 125 | 250.0 MHz | 312 |
| 4x | DNK7_F5_PCIe | Xilinx Kintex-7 | 5x XC7K325T | 5x240 | 220.0 MHz | 2640 |
| 4x | SDRC4 | Xilinx Virtex-4 | 4x XC4VLX160-10 | 4x 90 | 128.0 MHz | 460 |
SE (Solver Equivalent) - The performance of one solver slice running at 100 MHz.
It appears the power supply on the VC707 board is failing us on the cramped Q27 design although computation picks up quite gently as problems arrive over the slow UART. This is why the maximum performance design is actually not in use.
- Use Machine Learning on the available solution counts of subproblems to build a predictor for the solution counts of subproblems yet to deal with. Such a predictor might help to describe and understand the patterns in the solution space.
- Build a high-performance, highly-parallel solver using GPGPU technology as an alternative acceleration approach to contribute to this computation.
- Design an interface to present and browse the completed subsolutions graphically.
- Ultimately, find the Formula that directly computes the valid solution count from the problem size N.