KTRW is an iOS kernel debugger for devices with an A11 SoC, such as the iPhone 8. It leverages debug registers present on these devices to bypass KTRR, remap the kernel as writable, and load a kernel extension that implements a GDB stub, allowing full-featured kernel debugging with LLDB or IDA Pro over a standard Lightning to USB cable.
KTRR was introduced with the A10 as a means of locking down critical kernel data (including all executable code) to prevent it from being modified, even by an attacker with a kernel memory read/write capability. However, on A11 SoCs, the ARMv8 External Debug registers and a proprietary register called DBGWRAP were left enabled. This makes it possible to subvert execution of the reset vector on these devices, skipping the MMU's KTRR initialization and setting a custom page table base that remaps the kernel as writable. Once KTRR has been disabled, it becomes possible to execute dynamically loaded kernel code, i.e., load kernel extensions.
Note that even though the kernel is remapped as writable, the physical pages spanned by the AMCC RoRgn remain protected by the memory controller, and thus writes to these physical pages will be discarded. Bypassing KTRR on the MMU does not defeat KTRR on the AMCC, and thus the only way to remap the kernel as writable is to copy the kernel data in the AMCC RoRgn onto new, writable physical pages. But since the AMCC is still protecting the original physical pages, and since the reset vector executes from a physical address inside the AMCC RoRgn, the reset vector cannot be persistently modified to disable KTRR automatically on reset without a more powerful capability (such as a bootchain vulnerability). Thus, the KTRR bypass will disappear once the core resets normally (that is, without being hijacked using the debug registers from another core). This means that the KTRR bypass is not persistent: it will be lost once the device sleeps.
KTRW is not a kernel exploit, but it needs access to the kernel task port in order to work. By
default, it expects the kernel task port to be exposed as host special port 4 and expects the
kernel base or kernel slide to be stashed in task_info(TASK_DYLD_INFO).
KTRW consists of three components: the ktrw_gdb_stub.ikext kernel extension, the ktrw_usb_proxy
USB-to-TCP proxy utility, and the ktrw_kext_loader iOS app.
First, build the kernel extension:
$ cd ktrw_gdb_stub
$ make
The compiled iOS kext will automatically be copied to the ktrw_kext_loader/kexts/ directory.
Next, build the USB-to-TCP proxy utility:
$ cd ktrw_usb_proxy
$ make
ktrw_usb_proxy is needed to communicate with the kernel extension over USB and relay the data
over TCP so that LLDB can connect. It will print the data being exchanged over the connection. Run
ktrw_usb_proxy with the port number LLDB will connect to:
$ ./ktrw_usb_proxy 39399
Next, open the ktw_kext_loader project in Xcode. Run the app on a connected A11 iPhone to load
ktrw_gdb_stub.ikext into the kernel and start debugging.
Once the kext has loaded, it will claim one CPU core for itself and halt the remaining cores. It will also hijack the Synopsys USB 2.0 OTG controller from the kernel so that it can communicate with the host. As a result, the host will not see the iPhone as an iOS device and the phone (once it has been resumed) will not be able to send data over USB as normal.
After this, you are ready to debug the device.
Use LLDB to connect to ktrw_usb_proxy and communicate with ktrw_gdb_stub.ikext. Here I have
connected to an iPhone 8 running iOS 12.1.2:
$ lldb kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101
(lldb) target create "kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101"
Current executable set to 'kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101' (arm64).
(lldb) settings set plugin.dynamic-loader.darwin-kernel.load-kexts false
(lldb) gdb-remote 39399
Kernel UUID: 94463A80-7B38-3176-8872-0B8E344C7138
Load Address: 0xfffffff027e04000
Kernel slid 0x20e00000 in memory.
Loaded kernel file kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101
Process 2 stopped
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb)
You can use thread list to list the code running on each physical CPU core. (Note that one core
is reserved for the debugger itself, so it will not show up in the list.)
(lldb) th l
Process 2 stopped
* thread #1: tid = 0x0002, 0xfffffff027ffda18 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol1734$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 272
thread #2: tid = 0x0003, 0xfffffff027ffda18 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol1734$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 272
thread #3: tid = 0x0004, 0xfffffff027ffda18 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol1734$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 272
thread #4: tid = 0x0005, 0xfffffff027ffda18 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol1734$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 272
thread #5: tid = 0x0006, 0xfffffff027ffda18 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol1734$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 272
(lldb)
Because KTRR has been disabled in the MMU and the kernel has been remapped as read/write, it is possible to patch kernel memory:
(lldb) x/12wx 0xfffffff027e04000
0xfffffff027e04000: 0xfeedfacf 0x0100000c 0x00000000 0x00000002
0xfffffff027e04010: 0x00000016 0x00001068 0x00200001 0x00000000
0xfffffff027e04020: 0x00000019 0x00000188 0x45545f5f 0x00005458
(lldb) mem wr -s 4 0xfffffff027e04000 0x11223344 0x55667788
(lldb) x/12wx 0xfffffff027e04000
0xfffffff027e04000: 0x11223344 0x55667788 0x00000000 0x00000002
0xfffffff027e04010: 0x00000016 0x00001068 0x00200001 0x00000000
0xfffffff027e04020: 0x00000019 0x00000188 0x45545f5f 0x00005458
Resume executing the kernel with continue. You can interrupt it at any time with ^C:
(lldb) c
Process 2 resuming
(lldb) ^C
Process 2 stopped
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb)
You can set breakpoints as usual. KTRW currently only supports hardware breakpoints, but LLDB will automatically detect this and set the appropriate breakpoint type:
(lldb) b 0xfffffff0282753b4
Breakpoint 1: where = kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101, address = 0xfffffff0282753b4
(lldb) c
Process 2 resuming
Process 2 stopped
* thread #4, stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
frame #0: 0xfffffff0282753b4 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101
kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101:
-> 0xfffffff0282753b4 <+0>: sub sp, sp, #0x80 ; =0x80
0xfffffff0282753b8 <+4>: stp x28, x27, [sp, #0x20]
0xfffffff0282753bc <+8>: stp x26, x25, [sp, #0x30]
0xfffffff0282753c0 <+12>: stp x24, x23, [sp, #0x40]
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb)
Single-stepping works as expected:
(lldb) si
Process 2 stopped
* thread #4, stop reason = instruction step into
frame #0: 0xfffffff0282753b8 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 4
kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101:
-> 0xfffffff0282753b8 <+4>: stp x28, x27, [sp, #0x20]
0xfffffff0282753bc <+8>: stp x26, x25, [sp, #0x30]
0xfffffff0282753c0 <+12>: stp x24, x23, [sp, #0x40]
0xfffffff0282753c4 <+16>: stp x22, x21, [sp, #0x50]
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb) si
Process 2 stopped
* thread #4, stop reason = instruction step into
frame #0: 0xfffffff0282753bc kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 8
kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101:
-> 0xfffffff0282753bc <+8>: stp x26, x25, [sp, #0x30]
0xfffffff0282753c0 <+12>: stp x24, x23, [sp, #0x40]
0xfffffff0282753c4 <+16>: stp x22, x21, [sp, #0x50]
0xfffffff0282753c8 <+20>: stp x20, x19, [sp, #0x60]
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb)
Watchpoints are also supported:
(lldb) wa s e -s 8 -w read_write -- 0xfffffff027e04000
Watchpoint created: Watchpoint 1: addr = 0xfffffff027e04000 size = 8 state = enabled type = rw
new value: 6153737367135073092
(lldb) reg w x1 0xfffffff027e04000
(lldb) c
Process 2 resuming
Watchpoint 1 hit:
old value: 6153737367135073092
new value: 6153737367135073092
Process 2 stopped
* thread #5, stop reason = watchpoint 1
frame #0: 0xfffffff028275418 kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101 + 100
kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101`___lldb_unnamed_symbol4960$$kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101:
-> 0xfffffff028275418 <+100>: and x21, x9, x10
0xfffffff02827541c <+104>: add x10, x11, x10
0xfffffff028275420 <+108>: add x8, x10, w8, sxtw
0xfffffff028275424 <+112>: and x26, x9, x8
Target 0: (kernelcache.iPhone10,1.16C101) stopped.
(lldb) x/4i $pc-8
0xfffffff028275410: 0x9360fd29 asr x9, x9, #32
0xfffffff028275414: 0xa9402eea ldp x10, x11, [x23]
-> 0xfffffff028275418: 0x8a0a0135 and x21, x9, x10
0xfffffff02827541c: 0x8b0a016a add x10, x11, x10
(lldb) reg r x23 x10 x11
x23 = 0xfffffff027e04000
x10 = 0x5566778811223344
x11 = 0x0000000200000000
(lldb)
LLDB limits watchpoints to 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in size, even though the hardware supports even larger watchpoints.
Unfortunately, older versions of LLDB do not automatically detect kernelcaches on iOS 12.2 or later because the kASLR slide has a finer granularity. However, kernelcache detection should work as expected on HEAD when LLDB is built from source.
It is possible to use IDA Pro 7.3 or later for iOS kernel debugging, but there are some notable limitations.
You will need to modify dbg_xnu.cfg to add support for the KTRW GDB stub's target.xml features.
You can find the required changes in misc/dbg_xnu.cfg.patch. I also recommend setting up
KDK_PATH to point to a directory containing copies of any kernelcaches you will be debugging to
reduce the amount of memory IDA downloads off the device.
Open the kernelcache corresponding to the device in IDA Pro, select the remote XNU debugger, and
connect to the port on which ktrw_usb_proxy is listening. You should see IDA rebase the
kernelcache and start downloading data off the device. This may take a long time to complete.
You will also need to be sure to always use hardware breakpoints, as software breakpoints are currently unsupported.
KTRW relies on certain parameters like kernel addresses and offsets in order to manipulate kernel data structures, call kernel functions, and link against kernel symbols. You can use jtool2 to find the addresses needed to add support for a new device and/or kernel version.
Kernel extensions are linked against the symbols supplied in the ktrw_kext_loader/kernel_symbols
directory. The files in this directory are named <hardware-version>_<build-version>.txt, where
<hardware-version> is the hardware identifier (e.g. iPhone10,1) and <build-version> is the
iOS build version (e.g. 16C101).
KTRW currently uses hardware breakpoints and watchpoints. The hardware supports 6 breakpoints and 4 watchpoints, which should be sufficient for most basic debugging tasks. It is possible to add support for software breakpoints.
Currently, LLDB automatically disables dynamic code generation when debugging Darwin kernels without testing whether or not the feature is supported, which breaks the ability to call kernel functions from within LLDB.
As a workaround, you can build LLDB from source and comment out the line
process->SetCanRunCode(false) from DynamicLoaderDarwinKernel.cpp. This will allow you to run
call and expression commands in LLDB that are evaluated in the iOS kernel.
While it is possible to use the CoreSight External Debug registers to debug execution of the reset vector before the MMU has been enabled, this use case is not supported by KTRW. The main reason is that KTRW disables core resets while the device is plugged in and active (i.e. not sleeping) anyway in order to make the KTRR bypass partially persistent.
Do not run KTRW on your personal iPhone: only run it on a dedicated research device that you do not mind permanently damaging. KTRW expects the kernel task port to be exposed to unprivileged applications, which critically compromises the system's security. Additionally, KTRW operates by running a debugger on a single core that never sleeps, which consumes a lot of power and generates excessive heat that could permanently damage the device or cause physical burns.
Developed and maintained by Brandon Azad of Google Project Zero, bazad@google.com