A library to enable parsing and verifying a Blockcert. This can be used as a node package or in a browser. The browserified script is available as verifier.js.
var fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('./tests/sample_cert-valid-1.2.0.json', 'utf8', function (err, data) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
let cert = Certificate.parseJson(JSON.parse(data));
console.log(cert.name);
});
var fs = require('fs');
function statusCallback(arg1) {
console.log("status=" + arg1);
}
fs.readFile('../tests/sample_cert-valid-2.0.json', 'utf8', function (err, data) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
let certVerifier = new CertificateVerifier(data, statusCallback);
certVerifier.verify()
.then(x => console.log(`final result: ${x}`))
.catch(e => console.error(`failed: ${e}`));
});
npm run build generates the browserified script verifier.js.
The following shows how you can use it:
<script src="./verifier.js"></script>
const certificateContentsString = ...
const certJson = JSON.parse(certificateContentsString);
const cert = Verifier.Certificate.parseJson(certJson);
See cert-web-component for an example.
In Crome DevTools to turn on debug mode:
localStorage.debug = 'verifier'
In Node.js:
DEBUG=verifier babel-node lib/verifier.js
See [debug] (https://www.npmjs.com/package/debug) for an example.
This library and the python cert-verifier library verify Blockchain Certificates. However, anyone should be able to verify independently, whether manually or by writing their own library or service. These steps walk you through the certificate verification steps.
The Blockchain Certificate contains:
- the content to be verified
- the location of additional inputs needed for verification (described in next inputs)
A Blockchain Certificate must have a certificate.signature.anchors field, which must contain at least one anchor to a blockchain transaction.
The anchors entry below says that the transaction was performed on the Bitcoin blockchain, and the field needed to verify integrity of the certificate is OP_RETURN (because type is BTCOpReturn). This also says the transaction id is 8623beadbc7877a9e20fb7f83eda6c1a1fc350171f0714ff6c6c4054018eb54d (via the sourceId) field.
"type": "BTCOpReturn",
"sourceId": "8623beadbc7877a9e20fb7f83eda6c1a1fc350171f0714ff6c6c4054018eb54d"
Supplied with the blockchain identifier and transaction id, the transaction can be obtained from a service like blockchain.info. [See important security notes in "Securely looking up a Blockchain transaction".] The general query format is:
http://blockchain.info/rawtx/<transaction_id>
So in this example we would download http://blockchain.info/rawtx/8623beadbc7877a9e20fb7f83eda6c1a1fc350171f0714ff6c6c4054018eb54d
The anchors entry for Ethereum works just like the Bitcoin anchor like above, but with ETHData instead of BTCOpReturn.
"type": "ETHData",
"sourceId": "0xc952833ba9c1b630282df24b3ca56e30963e75a70005ca95190a050492298f51"
The Ethereum transaction can be obtained from a service like etherscan.io [See important security notes in "Securely looking up a Blockchain transaction".] The general query format is:
https://etherscan.io/tx/<transaction_id>
The badge.issuer.id field in the Blockchain Certificate says where to find the issuer's current information about which keys are valid. Currently, this is a HTTP URI (although the schema allows for other implementations), which (when dereferenced) contains an array of public keys claimed by the issuer.
{
...
"publicKey": [
{
"created": "2012-01-03T14:34:57+0000",
"revoked": "2012-05-01T18:11:19+0000",
"id": "ecdsa-koblitz-pubkey:16wyA4kLFiaQSEE9xZEFTEMXTzWsGf4Zki"
},
{
"created": "2016-01-03T14:34:57+0000",
"id": "ecdsa-koblitz-pubkey:1Q3P94rdNyftFBEKiN1fxmt2HnQgSCB619"
}
],
...
}
This information is required to cross check the public keys claimed by the issuer with the information from the blockchain transaction.
The badge.issuer.revocationList field in the Blockchain Certificate says where to obtain the issuer's list of revoked certificates (a.k.a. assertions). Open Badges-compliant Blockcerts use an HTTP URI, per the Open Badges specification. When dereferenced, this URI provides an array of revoked assertions. For example:
{
...
"revokedAssertions": [
{
"id": "urn:uuid:93019408-acd8-4420-be5e-0400d643954a",
"revocationReason": "Honor code violation"
},
{
"id": "urn:uuid:8e0b8a28-beff-43de-a72c-820bc360db3d",
"revocationReason": "Issued in error."
}
]
}
The Blockcerts schema allows other implementations of revocation, depending on the implementations allowed by the blockchain, and domain/issuer appropriateness.
Checking the certificate integrity ensures that the certificate has not been tampered with. This consists of 3 steps
1. Validate the Merkle proof in the certificate.
Blockcerts uses the Verifiable Claims MerkleProof2017 signature format, which is based on Chainpoint 2.0. Per the (pending) specification, these Merkle proofs may be verified by sending the object in the signature field to any Chainpoint 2.0-compatible verifier, after replacing the MerkleProof2017 type with the Chainpoint type ChainpointSHA256v2.
2. Compare the hash of the local certificate with the value in the receipt.
Blockcerts uses JSON-LD canonicalization to ensure a consistent order of the JSON input. This ensures a consistent hash for verifiers. Per the JSON-LD signature specification, this works as follows:
- Remove the
signatureportion from the Blockchain Certificate is removed - JSON-LD canonicalize the result
- With settings:
{'algorithm': 'URDNA2015', 'format': 'application/nquads'}
- With settings:
- SHA-256 the result
The resulting value should match the value in signature.targetHash
Note that Blockcerts performs an additional test during JSON-LD canonicalization to detect unmapped fields via a fallback @vocab entry, and detecting if any fields were unmapped.
3. Compare the merkleRoot value in the certificate with the value in the blockchain transaction.
The transaction information in the "Blockchain Transaction" input step obtains the blockchain record of the content. This step compares the value in the transaction with the value in the certificate.
The transaction details at https://blockchain.info/rawtx/8623beadbc7877a9e20fb7f83eda6c1a1fc350171f0714ff6c6c4054018eb54d has entries in the out array. The entry with the OP_RETURN value has a script starting with 6a20. Specifically:
{
...
"value":0,
"script":"6a2068f3ede17fdb67ffd4a5164b5687a71f9fbb68da803b803935720f2aa38f7728"
}
The OP_RETURN value in this example is 68f3ede17fdb67ffd4a5164b5687a71f9fbb68da803b803935720f2aa38f7728, or the value in script without the 6a20 prefix.
This value should match that provided in the Blockchain Certificate signature.merkleRoot field.
The transaction details for a Ethereum transaction at https://ropsten.etherscan.io/tx/0xc952833ba9c1b630282df24b3ca56e30963e75a70005ca95190a050492298f51 has data in the Input Data field. Unlike Bitcoin, there is no OP_RETURN script or multiple inputs/outputs.
{
...
"input":"0x4f48e91f0397a49a5b56718a78d681c51932c8bd9242442b94bcfb93434957db"
}
Removing the 0x prefix, the input 4f48e91f0397a49a5b56718a78d681c51932c8bd9242442b94bcfb93434957db should match what is provided in the Blockchain Certificate signature.merkleRoot field.
This step verifies that the certificate was authored by the issuer. This is verified by ensuring the signing key for the blockchain transaction is indeed claimed by the issuer, and the key was valid at the time the transaction was issued.
This uses the timestamp and input address from the blockchain transaction details obtained in "TBD", and the issuer identification provided in "Issuer Identity".
From blockchain transaction information, obtain the timestamp and input address. This will vary depending on which service you use. For Blockchain.info, we need the addr field from the inputs array and the time field.
"inputs":[
{
"prev_out":{
...
"addr":"1Q3P94rdNyftFBEKiN1fxmt2HnQgSCB619",
...
}
}
]
...
"time":1475524375,
This is a Unix epoch time format, and a tool like https://www.epochconverter.com/ can convert it to a human readable format. This example yields 03 Oct 2016 19:52:55 GMT.
This public key is valid:
- The issuer claims the public key
1Q3P94rdNyftFBEKiN1fxmt2HnQgSCB619is valid starting03 Jan 2016 14:34:57 GMT - The transaction occurred
03 Oct 2016 19:52:55 GMT, which is after thecreateddate, and the key had not expired or been revoked when the transaction occurred.
{
...
"publicKey": [
{
"created": "2012-01-03T14:34:57+0000",
"revoked": "2012-05-01T18:11:19+0000",
"id": "ecdsa-koblitz-pubkey:16wyA4kLFiaQSEE9xZEFTEMXTzWsGf4Zki"
},
{
"created": "2016-01-03T14:34:57+0000",
"id": "ecdsa-koblitz-pubkey:1Q3P94rdNyftFBEKiN1fxmt2HnQgSCB619",
"expires": "2017-01-03T14:34:57+0000",
}
],
...
}
This rules out exceptional (and possibly fraudulent) cases, such as:
- the public key is not claimed by the issuer
- the transaction was issued after the public key was revoked or expires
A critical distinction in this example is that the transaction is considered valid even though the key expired. This is ok -- all that matters is that the transaction was performed when the key was active.
A key expiration is different from a certificate expiration; expiring keys is a good security practice for issuers. The next step will check certificate expiration.
The input obtained from "Issuer revocation information" contains the list of revoked certificates (or "assertions").
For Open Badges-compliant Blockcerts, a certificate is considered revoked if any id entry in the revokedAssertions array contains the id of the certificate. The certificate id is available in the (id) field of the Blockchain Certificate.
If the certificate has been revoked, the (optional) revocationReason may provide more information about why the certificate was revoked.
The certificate may contain an expiration date (an ISO-8601 date). If present, verification must compare this value, available in the expires field, against the current time.
For purposes of demonstrating the process, we used the blockchain.info explorer to look up a transaction. There are problems with this that should be considered for your deployment.
Using a blockchain transaction lookup service is effectively putting trust into that service, but that service could be compromised in a number of ways. A more secure approach is to run a full bitcoin node and look up the transaction directly. However, this requires machine resources that may not be feasible in all installations. At minimum, a mitigation is to check multiple services to see if they agree.
Note that this also assumes the verifier is online. We are pursuing alternative ways to resolve this and the above issue (securely looking up a transaction withput SPOFs and without prohibitive hardware resources).
Lastly, it is a best practice with blockchain transactions to factor in the number of confirmations a transaction has received. For payment transactions, more confirmations increases confidence that the transaction is accepted by the network and that is not a double spend. The minimum number of confirmations required by Bitcoin payment acceptors varies per confidence required (some as low as 3 confirmations; some 6). With Blockcerts, issuers have less incentive to perform double spends, but checking the number of confirmations is a good practice.
cert-verifier-js has 2 configuration settings (see config/default.js) to help you experiment with and apply better practices when relying on blockchain APIs:
MininumConfirmations: 6,
MinimumBlockchainExplorers: 2,
MinimumConfirmationssets the minimum confirmation threshold for a transaction to be considered valid. Different Blockchain APIs may return different values; this setting discards any results from a Blockchain API with fewer than the threshold confirmationsMinimumBlockchainExplorerssets the minimum number of Blockchain APIs that need to be consulted and compared for a transaction to be considered valid. For example, if the setting is 2, then at least 2 blockchain explorers must return transaction details, and the details must agree on the following values:- remoteHash
- issuingAddress
cert-verifier-js currently includes only 2 blockchain connectors so MinimumBlockchainExplorers cannot currently be set above 2. We welcome contributions of additional connectors to the open source.
See lib\blockchainConnectors.js for details on how they are used.
The defaults for these settings are low (set at 1) to allow users to experiment with these libraries more easily (to help avoid problems with blockchain API rate limits, wait times, etc), but these should be carefully considered for deployed systems.
npm run test
Contact us at the Blockcerts community forum.