ADJTIMEX I will assume you have already read the man page for adjtimex :-) BACKGROUND You probably already know that your computer has two clocks - the "real time clock" (RTC) that runs all the time, and the system clock that runs only while the computer is on. The system clock has much better precision (approximately 1 usec), but the RTC probably has better long-term stability. adjtimex can be used to approximately correct the system clock for drift. The handiest reference clock is the RTC. adjtimex --compare shows the time, the difference between the two clocks, the first difference (how much the system clock has gained or lost relative to the RTC since the last check), and two kernel time parameters: tick and frequency offset. After the first two comparisons, it also prints suggested values of tick and frequency offset that will adjust the system clock to approximately agree with the RTC. Of course, the RTC may have a systematic error of its own. clock(8) or hwclock(8) use the file /etc/adjtime to record the drift rate and the time since the RTC was last set. adjtimex also consults this file and applies the correction to the times from the RTC. adjtimex can also record the times on both clocks, and optionally another reference time, in a log. It can later compare the logged time and estimate drift rates. INSTALLATION Type "./configure" to configure, "make" to compile, then "make install" to copy the binary to /usr/local/bin, and the man page to /usr/local/man/man8. If you want the program installed in /usr rather than /usr/local, start with "./configure --prefix=/usr". ASIDES You will have to log in as root for most of the following. The standard kernel will leave the RTC alone only until one of the time parameters is set (using adjtimex, for example). Then it thinks ntpd is regulating the system time, and it starts "correcting" the RTC approximately every eleven minutes. adjtimex prevents this by setting the time after setting any parameter. It does not actually change the time. USAGE The file /etc/adjtime is used to correct for systematic error in the RTC. Set it up as explained in the man page for hwclock(8). Otherwise, without /etc/adjtime, adjtimex assumes that the RTC is already perfect. The latest version of hwclock(8) from Bryan Henderson can be found at <URL:http://giraffe-data.com/software/about_hwclock.html>. An older version is included (along with a lot of other useful utilities) in the util-linux collection. I'll explain the manual procedure first. Compile and run adjtimex with the --compare switch. Suppose the result is: # adjtimex --compare 794625929 -0.597638 -0.597638 ... 794625939 -0.602050 -0.004412 ... ^^^^^^^^^ This number says the system clock lost over 4 msec in just 10 sec with respect to the RTC, or 4 parts in 10000. Therefore, we increase the tick parameter to 10004, and repeat the comparison: # adjtimex --tick 10004 # adjtimex --compare 794626037 -0.644860 -0.644860 ... 794626047 -0.645259 -0.000399 ... Now the system clock is slow by about 39.9 parts per million. We can change the frequency offset to fix this. Recall that the frequency offset is in parts per million, with the fraction point in the center (16 bits on either side). Therefore, we set the offset to 39.9*65536 = 2614886: # adjtimex --frequency 2614886 # adjtimex --compare 794626313 -0.652147 -0.652147 ... 794626323 -0.652247 -0.000100 ... It still seems to be off by about 10 ppm, so we increase the offset by 10*65536, to 3270246: # adjtimex --frequency 3270246 # adjtimex --compare 794627233 -0.795221 -0.795221 ... 794627243 -0.795231 -0.000009 ... The entries in the "suggested" columns are calculated in this way. Using the --adjust switch automates the process - periodically installing the "suggested" values. By the way, using the --offset or --singleshot options seems to have a long-term effect on the clock. I suggest you determine the tick and frequency settings before trying the other options. You may already have an entry like this in /etc/rc.d/rc.S, /etc/init.d/boot, or one of the other startup files: # Adjust CMOS clock based on /etc/adjtime, then set system clock. # Add -u switch if your system keeps GMT. if [ -x /sbin/clock ]; then /sbin/clock -a fi Just add an entry like this: # Regulate the sytem clock if [ -x /sbin/adjtimex ]; then /sbin/adjtimex --tick 10004 --frequency 3270246 fi LONG TERM COMPARISONS You can use adjtimex to record the values of the CMOS and system times, and optionally a reference time, so drift rates can be determined over long periods. To enter a reference time manually, use # adjtimex --log --watch adjtimex will ask you to hit a key when you know the time, then will ask the time and its approximate precision. It will then ask whether either clock has been disturbed since the previous log entry. You can take the time from an accurate clock, a radio time broadcast like WWV or CHU, etc. If you have ntpdate installed (part of the xntp package), and your computer has network connectivity, use # adjtimex --log --host www.xxx.yyy.zzz and adjtimex will use ntpdate to request the time from the specified host. (Ask your Internet Service Provider whether he has an NTP time server, or can suggest one.) After you have made several log entries, you can ask adjtimex to review the log with # adjtimex --review It will take each pair of log entries in turn, and calculate the error in each clock's rate in parts per million (ppm), with its estimated uncertainty. It will also find over-all average errors, and will suggest parameter values to correct for drift. Be sure to check the outputs for consistency. One incorrect reference time can throw off all the calculations. FURTHER READING For authoritative documentation on the kernel time software, see the following, all by David L. Mills <mills@udel.edu>: [MIL92a] Mills, D.L. Network Time Protocol (Version 3) specification, implementation and analysis, RFC 1305, University of Delaware, March 1992, 113 pp. [MIL92c] Mills, D.L. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP), RFC 1361, University of Delaware, August 1992, 10 pp. [MIL94a] Mills, D.L. A kernel model for precision timekeeping. ARPA Network Working Group Report RFC-1589, University of Delaware, March 1994. 31 pp. README.kern, which can be found in louie.udel.edu:/pub/ntp/kernel.tar.Z. THANKS to David Mills for the kernel timekeeping code, and Steven Dick <ssd@nevets.oau.org> for writing adjtimex originally. (I've changed the code a lot. Any problems are my responsibility.) Thanks also to Michael Meskes <meskes@debian.org>, whose Debian installation script inspired the "--compare" and "--adjust" options. Enjoy! - Jim Van Zandt <jrvz at comcast.net>