GitHub Cheat Sheet
A collection of cool hidden and not so hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was inspired by Zach Holman's Git and GitHub Secrets talk at Aloha Ruby Conference 2012 (slides) and his More Git and GitHub Secrets talk at WDCNZ 2013 (slides).
Shortlink: http://git.io/sheet
Read this in other languages: English, 한국어, 日本語, 简体中文.
Table of Contents
- GitHub
- Ignore Whitespace
- Adjust Tab Space
- Commit History by Author
- Cloning a Repository
- Branch
- Gists
- Git.io
- Keyboard Shortcuts
- Line Highlighting in Repositories
- Closing Issues via Commit Messages
- Cross-Link Issues
- Locking Conversations
- CI Status on Pull Requests
- Syntax Highlighting in Markdown Files
- Emojis
- Images/GIFs
- Quick Quoting
- Quick Licensing
- Task Lists
- Relative Links
- Metadata and Plugin Support for GitHub Pages
- Viewing YAML Metadata in your Documents
- Rendering Tabular Data
- Revert a Pull Request
- Diffs
- Hub
- Decreasing Contributor Friction
- Contributing Guidelines
- Octicons
- GitHub Resources
- Git
- Previous Branch
- Stripspace
- Checking out Pull Requests
- Empty Commits
- Styled Git Status
- Styled Git Log
- Git Query
- Merged Branches
- Fixup and Autosquash
- Web Server for Browsing Local Repositories
- Git Configurations
- Git Resources
GitHub
Ignore Whitespace
Adding ?w=1
to any diff URL will remove any changes only in whitespace, enabling you to see only that code that has changed.
Read more about GitHub secrets.
Adjust Tab Space
Adding ?ts=4
to a diff or file URL will display tab characters as 4 spaces wide instead of the default 8. The number after ts
can be adjusted to suit your preference. This does not work on Gists, or raw file views.
Here is a Go source file before adding ?ts=4
:
...and this is after adding ?ts=4
:
Commit History by Author
To view all commits on a repo by author add ?author=username
to the URL.
https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master?author=dhh
Read more about the differences between commits views.
Cloning a Repository
When cloning a repository the .git
can be left off the end.
$ git clone https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet
Read more about the Git clone
command.
###Branch
Compare all Branches to Another Branch
If you go to the repo's Branches page, next to the Commits button:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/branches
... you would see a list of all branches which are not merged into the main branch.
From here you can access the compare page or delete a branch with a click of a button.
However, often you need to compare branches to a branch other than master
(e.g. development
). To do this, append the URL with the name of the branch like so:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/branches/{branch}
To see the merged branches, append ?merged=1
to the URL.
This view allows you to delete branches easily from the page, without using the command-line.
Comparing Branches
To use GitHub to compare branches, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/user/repo/compare/{range}
Where {range} = master...4-1-stable
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable
{range}
can be changed to things like:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{1.day.ago}...master
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{2014-10-04}...master
Dates are in the format YYYY-DD-MM
...which allows you to see the difference on the master branch up a set time ago or a specified date.
Read more about comparing commits across time.
Compare Branches across Forked Repositories
To use GitHub to compare branches across forked repositories, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/user/repo/compare/{foreign-user}:{branch}...{own-branch}
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/byroot:master...master
Gists
Gists are an easy way to work with small bits of code without creating a fully fledged repository.
Add .pibb
to the end of any Gist URL (like this) in order to get the HTML only version suitable for embedding in any other site.
Gists can be treated as a full repository so they can be cloned like any other:
$ git clone https://gist.github.com/tiimgreen/10545817
This means you also can modify and push updates to Gists:
$ git commit
$ Username for 'https://gist.github.com':
$ Password for 'https://tiimgreen@gist.github.com':
Read more about creating gists.
Git.io
Git.io is a simple URL shortener for GitHub.
You can also use it via pure HTTP using Curl:
$ curl -i http://git.io -F "url=https://github.com/..."
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: http://git.io/abc123
$ curl -i http://git.io/abc123
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: https://github.com/...
Keyboard Shortcuts
When on a repository page, keyboard shortcuts allow you to navigate easily.
- Pressing
t
will bring up a file explorer. - Pressing
w
will bring up the branch selector. - Pressing
s
will select the Command Bar. - Pressing
l
will edit labels on existing Issues. - Pressing
y
when looking at a file (e.g.https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md
) will change your URL to one which, in effect, freezes the page you are looking at. If this code changes, you will still be able to see what you saw at that current time.
To see all of the shortcuts for the current page press ?
:
Read more about using the Command Bar.
Line Highlighting in Repositories
Either adding #L52
to the end of a code file URL or simply clicking the line number will highlight that line number.
It also works with ranges, e.g. #L53-L60
, to select ranges, hold shift
and click two lines:
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb#L53-L60
Closing Issues via Commit Messages
If a particular commit fixes an issue, any of the keywords fix/fixes/fixed
, close/closes/closed
or resolve/resolves/resolved
, followed by the issue number, will close the issue once it is committed to the master branch.
$ git commit -m "Fix screwup, fixes #12"
This closes the issue and references the closing commit.
Read more about closing Issues via commit messages.
Cross-Link Issues
If you want to link to another issue in the same repository, simple type hash #
then the issue number, it will be auto-linked.
To link to an issue in another repository, user_name/repo_name#ISSUE_NUMBER
e.g. tiimgreen/toc#12
.
Locking Conversations
Pull Requests and Issues can now be locked by owners or collaborators of the repo.
This means that users who are not collaborators on the proejct will no longer be able to comment.
Read more about locking conversations.
CI Status on Pull Requests
If set up correctly, every time you receive a Pull Request, Travis CI will build that Pull Request just like it would every time you make a new commit. Read more about how to get started with Travis CI.
Read more about the commit status API.
Syntax Highlighting in Markdown Files
For example, to syntax highlight Ruby code in your Markdown files write:
```ruby
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
puts table.to_s
```
This will produce:
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
puts table.to_s
GitHub uses Linguist to perform language detection and syntax highlighting. You can find out which keywords are valid by perusing the languages YAML file.
Read more about GitHub Flavored Markdown.
Emojis
Emojis can be added to Pull Requests, Issues, commit messages, Markdown files, etc. using :name_of_emoji:
:
:smile:
Would produce:
The full list of supported Emojis on GitHub can be found at emoji-cheat-sheet.com or scotch-io/All-Github-Emoji-Icons.
The top 5 used Ejmojis on GitHub are:
- -
:shipit:
✨ -:sparkles:
👎 -:-1:
👍 -:+1:
👏 -:clap:
Images/GIFs
Images and GIFs can be added to comments, READMEs etc.:
![Alt Text](http://www.sheawong.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/keephatin.gif)
Raw images from the repo can be used by calling them directly.:
![Alt Text](https://github.com/(user)/(repo)/raw/master/path/to/image.gif)
All images are cached on GitHub, so if your host goes down, the image will remain available.
Embedding Images in GitHub Wiki
There are multiple ways of embedding images in Wiki pages. There's the standard Markdown syntax (shown above). But there's also a syntax that allows things like specifying the height or width of the image:
[[ http://www.sheawong.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/keephatin.gif | height = 100px ]]
Which produces:
Quick Quoting
When on a comment thread and you want to quote something someone previously said, highlight the text and press r
, this will copy it into your text box in the block-quote format.
Read more about quick quoting.
Quick Licensing
When creating a repository, GitHub gives you the option of adding in a pre-made license:
You can also add them to existing repositories by creating a new file through the web interface. When the name LICENSE
is typed in you will get an option to use a template:
Also works for .gitignore
.
Read more about open source licensing.
Task Lists
In Issues and Pull requests check boxes can be added with the following syntax (notice the space):
- [ ] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [ ] Research recipe
- [ ] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
- [x] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [x] Research recipe
- [x] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
Task Lists in Markdown Documents
In full Markdown documents read-only checklists can now be added using the following syntax:
- [ ] Mercury
- [x] Venus
- [x] Earth
- [x] Moon
- [x] Mars
- [ ] Deimos
- [ ] Phobos
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Moon
- Mars
- Deimos
- Phobos
Read more about task lists in markdown documents.
Relative Links
Relative links are recommended in your Markdown files when linking to internal content.
[Link to a header](#awesome-section)
[Link to a file](docs/readme)
Absolute links have to be updated whenever the URL changes (e.g. repository renamed, username changed, project forked). Using relative links makes your documentation easily stand on its own.
Read more about relative links.
Metadata and Plugin Support for GitHub Pages
Within Jekyll pages and posts, repository information is available within the site.github
namespace, and can be displayed, for example, using {{ site.github.project_title }}
.
The Jemoji and jekyll-mentions plugins enable emoji and @mentions in your Jekyll posts and pages to work just like you'd expect when interacting with a repository on GitHub.com.
Read more about repository metadata and plugin support for GitHub Pages.
Viewing YAML Metadata in your Documents
Many blogging websites, like Jekyll with GitHub Pages, depend on some YAML-formatted metadata at the beginning of your post. GitHub will render this metadata as a horizontal table, for easier reading
Read more about viewing YAML metadata in your documents.
Rendering Tabular Data
GitHub supports rendering tabular data in the form of .csv
(comma-separated) and .tsv
(tab-separated) files.
Read more about rendering tabular data.
###Revert a Pull Request After a pull request is merged, you may find it does not help anything or it was a bad decision to merge the pull request.
You can revert it by clicking the Revert button on the right side of a commit in the pull request page to create a pull request with reverted changes to this specific pull request.
Read more about reverting pull requests
Diffs
Rendered Prose Diffs
Commits and pull requests, including rendered documents supported by GitHub (e.g. Markdown), feature source and rendered views.
Click the "rendered" button to see the changes as they'll appear in the rendered document. Rendered prose view is handy when you're adding, removing, and editing text:
Read more about rendered prose diffs.
Diffable Maps
Any time you view a commit or pull request on GitHub that includes geodata, GitHub will render a visual representation of what was changed.
Read more about diffable maps.
Expanding Context in Diffs
Using the unfold button in the gutter of a diff, you can reveal additional lines of context with a click. You can keep clicking unfold until you've revealed the whole file, and the feature is available anywhere GitHub renders diffs.
Read more about expanding context in diffs.
Diff or Patch of Pull Request
You can get the diff of a Pull Request by adding a .diff
or .patch
extension to the end of the URL. For example:
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.diff
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.patch
The .diff
extension would give you this in plain text:
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 88fcf69..8614873 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ All the hidden and not hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was i
- [Merged Branches](#merged-branches)
- [Quick Licensing](#quick-licensing)
- [TODO Lists](#todo-lists)
+- [Relative Links](#relative-links)
- [.gitconfig Recommendations](#gitconfig-recommendations)
- [Aliases](#aliases)
- [Auto-correct](#auto-correct)
@@ -381,6 +382,19 @@ When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
- [ ] Sleep
(...)
Rendering and diffing images
GitHub can display several common image formats, including PNG, JPG, GIF, and PSD. In addition, there are several ways to compare differences between versions of those image formats.
Read more about rendering and diffing images.
Hub
Hub is a command line Git wrapper that gives you extra features and commands that make working with GitHub easier.
This allows you to do things like:
$ hub clone tiimgreen/toc
Check out some more cool commands Hub has to offer.
Decreasing Contributor Friction
If you want people to use and contribute to your project, you need to start by answering their most basic questions. What does the project do? How do I use it? How am I allowed to use it? How do I contribute? How do I get up and running in development? How do I make sure my new features didn't break old functionality?
Friction is a command line script that will check your project for common answers to these questions. This is some example output:
Friction supports MRI 2.1.0, MRI 2.0.0, and MRI 1.9.3.
Contributing Guidelines
Adding a CONTRIBUTING
file to the root of your repository will add a link to your file when a contributor creates an Issue or opens a Pull Request.
Read more about contributing guidelines.
Octicons
GitHubs icons (Octicons) have now been open sourced.
Read more about GitHub's Octicons
GitHub Resources
Title | Link |
---|---|
GitHub Explore | https://github.com/explore |
GitHub Blog | https://github.com/blog |
GitHub Help | https://help.github.com/ |
GitHub Training | https://training.github.com/ |
GitHub Developer | https://developer.github.com/ |
GitHub Talks
Title | Link |
---|---|
How GitHub Uses GitHub to Build GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyz3jkOBbQY |
Introduction to Git with Scott Chacon of GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDR433b0HJY |
How GitHub No Longer Works | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXD1ITW7iZI |
Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Foz9yvMkvlA |
More Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p50xsL-iVgU |
Git
Previous Branch
To move to the previous branch in Git:
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'master'
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'next'
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'master'
Read more about Git branching.
Stripspace
Git Stripspace:
- Strips trailing whitespace
- Collapses newlines
- Adds newline to end of file
A file must be passed when calling the command, e.g.:
$ git stripspace < README.md
Read more about the Git stripspace
command.
Checking out Pull Requests
Pull Requests are special branches on the GitHub repository which can be retrieved locally in several ways:
Retrieve a specific Pull Request and store it temporarily in FETCH_HEAD
for quickly diff
ing or merge
ing:
$ git fetch origin refs/pull/[PR-Number]/head
Acquire all Pull Request branches as local remote branches by refspec:
$ git fetch origin '+refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*'
Or setup the remote to fetch Pull Requests automatically by adding these corresponding lines in your repository's .git/config
:
[remote "origin"]
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
[remote "origin"]
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
fetch = +refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*
For Fork-based Pull Request contributions, it's useful to checkout
a remote branch representing the Pull Request and create a local branch from it:
$ git checkout pr/42 pr-42
Or should you work on more repositories, you can globally configure fetching pull requests in the global git config instead.
git config --global --add remote.origin.fetch "+refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*"
This way, you can use the following short commands in all your repositories:
git fetch origin
git checkout pr/42
Read more about checking out pull requests locally.
Empty Commits
Commits can be pushed with no code changes by adding --allow-empty
:
$ git commit -m "Big-ass commit" --allow-empty
Some use-cases for this (that make sense), include:
- Annotating the start of a new bulk of work or a new feature.
- Documenting when you make changes to the project that aren't code related.
- Communicating with people using your repository.
- The first commit of a repo, as the first commit cannot be rebased later:
git commit -m "init repo" --allow-empty
.
Styled Git Status
Running:
$ git status
Produces:
By adding -sb
:
$ git status -sb
This is produced:
Read more about the Git status
command.
Styled Git Log
Running:
$ git log --all --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(auto)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --date=relative
Produces:
Credit to Palesz
This can be aliased using the instructions found here.
Read more about the Git log
command.
Git Query
A Git query allows you to search all your previous commit messages and find the most recent one matching the query.
$ git show :/query
Where query
(case-sensitive) is the term you want to search, this then finds the last one and gives details on the lines that were changed.
$ git show :/typo
Press q
to quit.
Merged Branches
Running:
$ git branch --merged
Will give you a list of all branches that have been merged into your current branch.
Conversely:
$ git branch --no-merged
Will give you a list of branches that have not been merged into your current branch.
Read more about the Git branch
command.
Fixup and Autosquash
If there is something wrong with a previous commit (can be one or more from HEAD), for example abcde
, run the following command after you've amended the problem:
$ git commit --fixup=abcde
$ git rebase abcde^ --autosquash -i
Read more about the Git commit
command.
Read more about the Git rebase
command.
Web Server for Browsing Local Repositories
Use the Git instaweb
command to instantly browse your working repository in gitweb
. This command is a simple script to set up gitweb
and a web server for browsing the local repository.
$ git instaweb
Opens:
Read more about the Git instaweb
command.
Git Configurations
Your .gitconfig
file contains all your Git configurations.
Aliases
Aliases are helpers that let you define your own git calls. For example you could set git a
to run git add --all
.
To add an alias, either navigate to ~/.gitconfig
and fill it out in the following format:
[alias]
co = checkout
cm = commit
p = push
# Show verbose output about tags, branches or remotes
tags = tag -l
branches = branch -a
remotes = remote -v
...or type in the command-line:
$ git config --global alias.new_alias git_function
For example:
$ git config --global alias.cm commit
For an alias with multiple functions use quotes:
$ git config --global alias.ac 'add -A . && commit'
Some useful aliases include:
Alias | Command | What to Type |
---|---|---|
git cm |
git commit |
git config --global alias.cm commit |
git co |
git checkout |
git config --global alias.co checkout |
git ac |
git add . -A git commit |
git config --global alias.ac '!git add -A && git commit' |
git st |
git status -sb |
git config --global alias.st 'status -sb' |
git tags |
git tag -l |
git config --global alias.tags 'tag -l' |
git branches |
git branch -a |
git config --global alias.branches 'branch -a' |
git remotes |
git remote -v |
git config --global alias.remotes 'remote -v' |
git lg |
git log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit -- |
git config --global alias.lg "log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --" |
Some Aliases are taken from @mathiasbynens dotfiles: https://github.com/mathiasbynens/dotfiles/blob/master/.gitconfig
Auto-Correct
If you type git comit
you will get this:
$ git comit -m "Message"
# git: 'comit' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
# Did you mean this?
# commit
To call commit
when comit
is typed, just enable auto-correct:
$ git config --global help.autocorrect 1
So now you will get this:
$ git comit -m "Message"
# WARNING: You called a Git command named 'comit', which does not exist.
# Continuing under the assumption that you meant 'commit'
# in 0.1 seconds automatically...
Color
To add more color to your Git output:
$ git config --global color.ui 1
Read more about the Git config
command.
Git Resources
Title | Link |
---|---|
Official Git Site | http://git-scm.com/ |
Official Git Video Tutorials | http://git-scm.com/videos |
Code School Try Git | http://try.github.com/ |
Introductory Reference & Tutorial for Git | http://gitref.org/ |
Official Git Tutorial | http://git-scm.com/docs/gittutorial |
Everyday Git | http://git-scm.com/docs/everyday |
Git Immersion | http://gitimmersion.com/ |
Ry's Git Tutorial | http://rypress.com/tutorials/git/index.html |
Git for Designers | http://hoth.entp.com/output/git_for_designers.html |
Git for Computer Scientists | http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/ |
Git Magic | http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/ |
GitHub Training Kit | http://training.github.com/kit |
Git Books
Title | Link |
---|---|
Pragmatic Version Control Using Git | http://www.pragprog.com/titles/tsgit/pragmatic-version-control-using-git |
Pro Git | http://git-scm.com/book |
Git Internals PluralSight | https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals-pdf |
Git in the Trenches | http://cbx33.github.com/gitt/ |
Version Control with Git | http://www.amazon.com/Version-Control-Git-collaborative-development/dp/1449316387 |
Pragmatic Guide to Git | http://www.pragprog.com/titles/pg_git/pragmatic-guide-to-git |
Git: Version Control for Everyone | http://www.packtpub.com/git-version-control-for-everyone/book |