- What is RootPipe Tester?
- Why should I use RootPipe Tester?
- How do I use RootPipe Tester?
- PANIC!!! My system is vulnerable? Are we all going to die?
- About RootPipe
RootPipe Tester is a small application that runs on your Mac (Mac OS X 10.3.9 or higher, both PowerPC and Intel) and tries to use the RootPipe Exploit (CVE-2015-1130) to produce a privilege escalation.
If your Mac is vulnerable does depend on the version of Mac OS X you are running but its success is also dependent on the preferences you have set.
With RootPipe Tester I have created a one-click solution for you to verify if you are vulnerable without having to do extensive testing and trying.
Download the disk image from the releases page of this repository or compile it by your own if you prefer.
Mount the disk image and run the application contained within it (it is safe to run RootPipe Tester from the disk image).
Click "Start Test" and let the test run through (you can tell if it's finished by the "Running…" in the window title).
To get accurate results I recommend rebooting your Mac and running the test again on a "fresh login".
If at least one of the test runs detected a vulnerable system you might want to check out the PANIC section.
No! Keep calm and read the guide appropriate to your system version.
Note: Not vulnerable in user authorization means that the system will either not grant access or pop up an authorization dialog which prompts you to authenticate as an Administrator user.
To some extent this is also a privilege escalation, because the admin group doesn't have as many rights as root, but in the default configuration of sudo, every user in the group "admin" can get root by entering his password, so the same effect can also be achieved by simply running sudo.
Upgrade to 10.10.3 as soon as possible to make sure the system enforces entitlements on the writeconfig binary correctly. (at least that's what Apple says)
If for some reason you cannot upgrade to 10.10.3, check the section for OS X 10.9 Mavericks.
Mavericks let's an exploiter get through with nil authorization so you're in a much more difficult situation than with older versions of Mac OS X.
You may want to have a look at can_I_suid.
Test results:
Vulnerable
- Administrator account: Vulnerable only if “Require password to unlock each System Preferences pane” is not checked.
- Standard user account: Not vulnerable
You should enable "Require password to unlock each System Preferences pane" in the Security preference pane.
Test results:
Not vulnerable
- Administrator account: Vulnerable only if “Require password to unlock each System Preferences pane” is not checked.
- Standard user account: Not vulnerable
Congratulations! You have one of the most secure versions of Mac OS X (at least as far as RootPipe is concerned).
On these systems, the "Require password to unlock each System Preference pane" ("Require password to unlock each secure system preference" in Tiger) in the Security preference pane is working properly and should really be enabled!
Note: If the "Require password" checkbox is unchecked, the system will unlock secure preference panes on each login. If you're using an Administrator account this will make your system vulnerable until you have manually closed the lock in the System Preferences after each login.
Test results:
Not vulnerable
- Administrator account: Vulnerable only if both "Require password" is unchecked and secure preference panes are unlocked.
Attention: If "Require password" is unchecked, the system will unlock secure preference panes on each login. - Standard user account: Not vulnerable
Unlike on later systems, in Panther, the "Require password to unlock each secure system preference" checkbox in the Security preference pane does not have the effect of fully hindering this exploit from working. I still recommend checking it.
To secure your system I strongly recommend to switch to using a standard user account only and always manually "closing the lock" after changing preferences in System Preferences.
Only closing System Preferences will not properly invalidate the authorization and this exploit will work until you log out although the System Preferences GUI shows a closed lock as a Standard user.
Test results:
Not vulnerable
- Administrator account: Vulnerable if secure preference panes are unlocked or have not been manually locked (by opening, if needed, and closing the lock in System Preferences) after login.
- Standard user account: Vulnerable if secure preference panes are unlocked.
Unlike later systems, Jaguar does not provide a "Require password to unlock each secure system preference" checkbox but still unlocks secure preference panes at login for all Administrator users.
To secure your system I strongly recommend to switch to using a Standard user account only.
Note: Jaguar does not lock secure preference panes when System Preferences quits, so always lock secure panes manually. If you fail to do that, the exploit will work until you log out.
Note: If you can't switch to a standard user account a simple AppleScript which locks secure preference panes as a Login Item could do the job.
Note: RootPipe Tester will not run on Jaguar. I will provide a version for Jagaur soon.
Test results:
Not vulnerable
- Administrator account: Vulnerable if secure preference panes have not been manually locked (by opening, if needed, and closing the lock in System Preferences) since the last login.
- Standard user account: Vulnerable only if secure preference panes are unlocked.
An exploit for Puma seems feasible, because it uses the same steps to authenticate System Preferences and most of the necessary components are there.
The only thing hindering an exploit is that Puma does not have SecurityFoundation.framework which is used on later versions to authorize.
Instead it uses a PrivateFramework called NIInterface.framework which needs to be reverse engineered first.
Good news anyway: Nobody is going to invest time into exploiting a probably next to nothing user base.
To enhance security only using a Standard user account and manually locking secure preference panes is still recommended.
Note: Take this paragraph with a grain of salt. I tried my best to figure out what's really going on, but since it's all PrivateFrameworks, you can never 100% know what these methods are doing, especially not over so many versions of Mac OS X as I'm trying to cover.
The way the RootPipe exploit works is basically the same to what System Preferences does to write config files (thus the name WriteConfig) with the exception that users of this exploit must not be the System Preferences application.
So far it's not that horrible, and actually the whole exploit is not so horrible either.
But let's look at the code.
// Authorization
SFAuthorization auth = [SFAuthorization authorization];
id authenticator = [Authenticator sharedAuthenticator];
[authenticator authenticateUsingAuthorizationSync:auth];
// Profit?
id sharedLiaison = [ToolLiaison sharedToolLiaison];
id tool = [sharedLiaison tool];As you can see, this is "old style" code, but the principle for the new style is more or less the same.
The first three lines in this snippet are authorization and the last two are the real fun.
If a preference pane in System Preferences needs to do operations that have to be run privileged, it will place an SFAuthorizationView (the lock symbol) into the lower left corner. This SFAuthorizationView will then handle the acquisition and destroying of the system.preferences right.
So far so good, but what is this system.preferences?
The rights Apple uses and how they are configured changed over time, but the principle stayed the same. Below you see an excerpt of the Authorization Services Policy Database.
system.preferences on 10.5.8
{
"allow-root" = 1;
class = user;
comment = "Checked by the Admin framework when making changes to certain System Preferences.";
group = admin;
shared = 0;
}
As you can see, it is a non-shared right. This means that if System Preferences did acquire this right (which will open the lock) it can do stuff it needs this right for, but no other process can.
This means that our RootPipe Tester will have to get authorized for himself and can't use the authorization of System Preferences, because they're different processes.
This is the reason, why standard users are normally safe (10.3.9 and lower are an exception because there it is a shared right).
Administrators will be vulnerable by default because the SecurityServer will automatically grant this right to every user of the group admin which all administrators are part of.
I don't know the exact reason though, why checking "Require password to unlock each System Preferences pane" makes you safe. (if you know, tell me!)
With the proper authorization acquired it's a pretty easy game to write config files (or any other file for that matter) with arbitrary rights.
ToolLiaison is happily going to set up an NSDistantObject to writeconfig for you and writeconfig will happily write the file for you, because in their mind, you have authorized yourself just fine.
Not really. At first glance it might look like one, because it's in a PrivateFramework running as root and not doing proper authentication.
But the real issue here is more one of bad design. Apple wanted to ensure that every Administrator user has the ability to use System Preferences to the full and in Unix everything needs a config file and these need to be written (most of the time as root).
One might argue that this is a bad idea (I would agree) but I would not consider it a backdoor since the authentication is working properly and every Administrator has the ability to get root via sudo anyway.
The main problem here is that Apple weighed comfort over security, but this also is nothing very special for them to do.