NutsDB

NutsDB is a simple, fast, embeddable and persistent key/value store written in pure Go.

It supports fully serializable transactions and many data structures such as list、set、sorted set. All operations happen inside a Tx. Tx represents a transaction, which can be read-only or read-write. Read-only transactions can read values for a given bucket and a given key or iterate over a set of key-value pairs. Read-write transactions can read, update and delete keys from the DB.

Announcement

v0.12.0 release, see for details: nutsdb#293
v0.11.0 release, see for details: nutsdb#219
v0.10.0 release, see for details: nutsdb#193
v0.9.0 release, see for details: nutsdb#167

📢 Note: Starting from v0.9.0, defaultSegmentSize in DefaultOptions has been adjusted from 8MB to 256MB. The original value is the default value, which needs to be manually changed to 8MB, otherwise the original data will not be parsed. The reason for the size adjustment here is that there is a cache for file descriptors starting from v0.9.0 (detail see nutsdb#164 ), so users need to look at the number of fds they use on the server, which can be set manually. If you have any questions, you can open an issue.

Architecture

Welcome contributions to NutsDB.

Getting Started
- Installing
- Opening a database
- Options
  - Default Options
- Transactions
- Using buckets
  - Iterate buckets
  - Delete bucket
- Using key/value pairs
- Using TTL(Time To Live)
- Iterating over keys
- Merge Operation
- Database backup
- Using in memory mode
- Using other data structures
  - List
    - RPush
    - LPush
    - LPop
    - LPeek
    - RPop
    - RPeek
    - LRange
    - LRem
    - LRemByIndex
    - LSet
    - LTrim
    - LSize
    - LKeys
  - Set
    - SAdd
    - SAreMembers
    - SCard
    - SDiffByOneBucket
    - SDiffByTwoBuckets
    - SHasKey
    - SIsMember
    - SMembers
    - SMoveByOneBucket
    - SMoveByTwoBuckets
    - SPop
    - SRem
    - SUnionByOneBucket
    - SUnionByTwoBuckets
    - SKeys
  - Sorted Set
    - ZAdd
    - ZCard
    - ZCount
    - ZGetByKey
    - ZMembers
    - ZPeekMax
    - ZPeekMin
    - ZPopMax
    - ZPopMin
    - ZRangeByRank
    - ZRangeByScore
    - ZRank
    - ZKeys
  - ZRevRank
- Comparison with other databases
- Benchmarks
- Caveats & Limitations
- Contact
- Contributing
- Acknowledgements
- License

Getting Started

Installing

To start using NutsDB, first needs Go installed (version 1.11+ is required). and run go get:

go get -u github.com/nutsdb/nutsdb

Opening a database

To open your database, use the nutsdb.Open() function,with the appropriate options.The Dir , EntryIdxMode and SegmentSize options are must be specified by the client. About options see here for detail.

package main

import (
    "log"

    "github.com/nutsdb/nutsdb"
)

func main() {
    // Open the database located in the /tmp/nutsdb directory.
    // It will be created if it doesn't exist.
    db, err := nutsdb.Open(
        nutsdb.DefaultOptions,
        nutsdb.WithDir("/tmp/nutsdb"),
    )
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer db.Close()

    ...
}

Options

Dir string

Dir represents Open the database located in which dir.

EntryIdxMode EntryIdxMode

EntryIdxMode represents using which mode to index the entries. EntryIdxMode includes three options: HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode,HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode and HintBPTSparseIdxMode. HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode represents ram index (key and value) mode, HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode represents ram index (only key) mode and HintBPTSparseIdxMode represents b+ tree sparse index mode.

RWMode RWMode

RWMode represents the read and write mode. RWMode includes two options: FileIO and MMap. FileIO represents the read and write mode using standard I/O. And MMap represents the read and write mode using mmap.

SegmentSize int64

NutsDB will truncate data file if the active file is larger than SegmentSize. Current version default SegmentSize is 8MB,but you can custom it. The defaultSegmentSize becomes 256MB when the version is greater than 0.8.0.

Once set, it cannot be changed. see caveats--limitations for detail.

NodeNum int64

NodeNum represents the node number.Default NodeNum is 1. NodeNum range [1,1023] .

SyncEnable bool

SyncEnable represents if call Sync() function. if SyncEnable is false, high write performance but potential data loss likely. if SyncEnable is true, slower but persistent.

StartFileLoadingMode RWMode

StartFileLoadingMode represents when open a database which RWMode to load files.

Default Options

Recommend to use the DefaultOptions . Unless you know what you're doing.

var DefaultOptions = Options{
    EntryIdxMode:         HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode,
    SegmentSize:          defaultSegmentSize,
    NodeNum:              1,
    RWMode:               FileIO,
    SyncEnable:           true,
    StartFileLoadingMode: MMap,
}

Transactions

NutsDB allows only one read-write transaction at a time but allows as many read-only transactions as you want at a time. Each transaction has a consistent view of the data as it existed when the transaction started.

When a transaction fails, it will roll back, and revert all changes that occurred to the database during that transaction. If the option SyncEnable is set to true, when a read/write transaction succeeds, all changes are persisted to disk.

Creating transaction from the DB is thread safe.

Read-write transactions

err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    ...
    return nil
})

Read-only transactions

err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    ...
    return nil
})

Managing transactions manually

The DB.View() and DB.Update() functions are wrappers around the DB.Begin() function. These helper functions will start the transaction, execute a function, and then safely close your transaction if an error is returned. This is the recommended way to use NutsDB transactions.

However, sometimes you may want to manually start and end your transactions. You can use the DB.Begin() function directly but please be sure to close the transaction.

 // Start a write transaction.
tx, err := db.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
    return err
}

bucket := "bucket1"
key := []byte("foo")
val := []byte("bar")

// Use the transaction.
if err = tx.Put(bucket, key, val, nutsdb.Persistent); err != nil {
    // Rollback the transaction.
    tx.Rollback()
} else {
    // Commit the transaction and check for error.
    if err = tx.Commit(); err != nil {
        tx.Rollback()
        return err
    }
}

Using buckets

Buckets are collections of key/value pairs within the database. All keys in a bucket must be unique. Bucket can be interpreted as a table or namespace. So you can store the same key in different bucket.

key := []byte("key001")
val := []byte("val001")

bucket001 := "bucket001"
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if err := tx.Put(bucket001, key, val, 0); err != nil {
            return err
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

bucket002 := "bucket002"
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if err := tx.Put(bucket002, key, val, 0); err != nil {
            return err
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Also, this bucket is related to the data structure you use. Different data index structures that use the same bucket are also different. For example, you define a bucket named bucket_foo, so you need to use the list data structure, use tx.RPush to add data, you must query or retrieve from this bucket_foo data structure, use tx.RPop, tx.LRange, etc. You cannot use tx.Get (same index type as tx.GetAll, tx.Put, tx.Delete, tx.RangeScan, etc.) to read the data in this bucket_foo, because the index structure is different. Other data structures such as Set, Sorted Set are the same.

Iterate buckets

IterateBuckets iterates over all the buckets that match the pattern. IterateBuckets function has three parameters: ds, pattern and function f.

The current version of the Iterate Buckets method supports the following EntryId Modes:

HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode：represents ram index (key and value) mode.
HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode：represents ram index (only key) mode.

The pattern added in version 0.11.0 (represents the pattern to match):

pattern syntax refer to: filepath.Match

The current version of ds (represents the data structure):

DataStructureSet
DataStructureSortedSet
DataStructureBPTree
DataStructureList

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.IterateBuckets(nutsdb.DataStructureBPTree, "*", func(bucket string) bool {
            fmt.Println("bucket: ", bucket)
            // true: continue, false: break
            return true
        })
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Delete bucket

DeleteBucket represents delete bucket. DeleteBucket function has two parameters: ds(represents the data structure) and bucket.

The current version of the Iterate Buckets method supports the following EntryId Modes:

HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode：represents ram index (key and value) mode.
HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode：represents ram index (only key) mode.

The current version of ds (represents the data structure)：

DataStructureSet
DataStructureSortedSet
DataStructureBPTree
DataStructureList

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.DeleteBucket(nutsdb.DataStructureBPTree, bucket)
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Using key/value pairs

To save a key/value pair to a bucket, use the tx.Put method:

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    key := []byte("name1")
    val := []byte("val1")
    bucket := "bucket1"
    if err := tx.Put(bucket, key, val, 0); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

This will set the value of the "name1" key to "val1" in the bucket1 bucket.

To update the the value of the "name1" key,we can still use the tx.Put function:

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    key := []byte("name1")
    val := []byte("val1-modify") // Update the value
    bucket := "bucket1"
    if err := tx.Put(bucket, key, val, 0); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

To retrieve this value, we can use the tx.Get function:

if err := db.View(
func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    key := []byte("name1")
    bucket := "bucket1"
    if e, err := tx.Get(bucket, key); err != nil {
        return err
    } else {
        fmt.Println(string(e.Value)) // "val1-modify"
    }
    return nil
}); err != nil {
    log.Println(err)
}

Use the tx.Delete() function to delete a key from the bucket.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    key := []byte("name1")
    bucket := "bucket1"
    if err := tx.Delete(bucket, key); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Using TTL(Time To Live)

NusDB supports TTL(Time to Live) for keys, you can use tx.Put function with a ttl parameter.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
    key := []byte("name1")
    val := []byte("val1")
    bucket := "bucket1"
    
    // If set ttl = 0 or Persistent, this key will never expired.
    // Set ttl = 60 , after 60 seconds, this key will expired.
    if err := tx.Put(bucket, key, val, 60); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Iterating over keys

NutsDB stores its keys in byte-sorted order within a bucket. This makes sequential iteration over these keys extremely fast.

Prefix scans

To iterate over a key prefix, we can use PrefixScan function, and the parameters offsetNum and limitNum constrain the number of entries returned :

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        prefix := []byte("user_")
        bucket := "user_list"
        // Constrain 100 entries returned 
        if entries, _, err := tx.PrefixScan(bucket, prefix, 25, 100); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            for _, entry := range entries {
                fmt.Println(string(entry.Key), string(entry.Value))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
}

Prefix search scans

To iterate over a key prefix with search by regular expression on a second part of key without prefix, we can use PrefixSearchScan function, and the parameters offsetNum, limitNum constrain the number of entries returned :

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        prefix := []byte("user_")
        reg := "username"
        bucket := "user_list"
        // Constrain 100 entries returned 
        if entries, _, err := tx.PrefixSearchScan(bucket, prefix, reg, 25, 100); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            for _, entry := range entries {
                fmt.Println(string(entry.Key), string(entry.Value))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
}

Range scans

To scan over a range, we can use RangeScan function. For example：

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        // Assume key from user_0000000 to user_9999999.
        // Query a specific user key range like this.
        start := []byte("user_0010001")
        end := []byte("user_0010010")
        bucket := "user_list"
        if entries, err := tx.RangeScan(bucket, start, end); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            for _, entry := range entries {
                fmt.Println(string(entry.Key), string(entry.Value))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Get all

To scan all keys and values of the bucket stored, we can use GetAll function. For example:

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "user_list"
        entries, err := tx.GetAll(bucket)
        if err != nil {
            return err
        }

        for _, entry := range entries {
            fmt.Println(string(entry.Key),string(entry.Value))
        }

        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Println(err)
}

iterator

The option parameter 'Reverse' that determines whether the iterator is forward or Reverse. The current version does not support the iterator for HintBPTSparseIdxMode.

forward iterator

tx, err := db.Begin(false)
iterator := nutsdb.NewIterator(tx, bucket, nutsdb.IteratorOptions{Reverse: false})
i := 0
for i < 10 {
    ok, err := iterator.SetNext()
    fmt.Println("ok, err", ok, err)
    fmt.Println("Key: ", string(iterator.Entry().Key))
    fmt.Println("Value: ", string(iterator.Entry().Value))
    fmt.Println()
    i++
}
err = tx.Commit()
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

reverse iterator

tx, err := db.Begin(false)
iterator := nutsdb.NewIterator(tx, bucket, nutsdb.IteratorOptions{Reverse: true})
i := 0
for i < 10 {
    ok, err := iterator.SetNext()
    fmt.Println("ok, err", ok, err)
    fmt.Println("Key: ", string(iterator.Entry().Key))
    fmt.Println("Value: ", string(iterator.Entry().Value))
    fmt.Println()
    i++
}
err = tx.Commit()
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}

Merge Operation

In order to maintain high-performance writing, NutsDB will write multiple copies of the same key. If your service has multiple updates or deletions to the same key, and you want to merge the same key, you can use NutsDB to provide db.Merge()method. This method requires you to write a merge strategy according to the actual situation. Once executed, it will block normal write requests, so it is best to avoid peak periods, such as scheduled execution in the middle of the night.

Of course, if you don't have too many updates or deletes for the same key, it is recommended not to use the Merge() function.

err := db.Merge()
if err != nil {
    ...
}

Notice: the HintBPTSparseIdxMode mode does not support the merge operation of the current version.

Database backup

NutsDB is easy to backup. You can use the db.Backup() function at given dir, call this function from a read-only transaction, and it will perform a hot backup and not block your other database reads and writes.

err = db.Backup(dir)
if err != nil {
   ...
}

NutsDB also provides gzip to compress backups. You can use the db.BackupTarGZ() function.

f, _ := os.Create(path)
defer f.Close()
err = db.BackupTarGZ(f)
if err != nil {
   ...
}

Using in memory mode

In-memory mode is supported since nutsdb 0.7.0.

Run memory mode, after restarting the service, the data will be lost.

opts := inmemory.DefaultOptions
db, err := inmemory.Open(opts)
if err != nil {
    ...
}
bucket := "bucket1"
key := []byte("key1")
val := []byte("val1")
err = db.Put(bucket, key, val, 0)
if err != nil {
    ...
}

entry, err := db.Get(bucket, key)
if err != nil {
    ...
}

fmt.Println("entry.Key", string(entry.Key))     // entry.Key key1
fmt.Println("entry.Value", string(entry.Value)) // entry.Value val1

In memory mode, there are some non-memory mode APIs that have not yet been implemented. If you need, you can submit an issue and explain your request.

Using other data structures

The syntax here is modeled after Redis commands

List

RPush

Inserts the values at the tail of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket, key and values.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        val := []byte("val1")
        return tx.RPush(bucket, key, val)
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LPush

Inserts the values at the head of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket, key and values.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        val := []byte("val2")
        return tx.LPush(bucket, key, val)
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LPop

Removes and returns the first element of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if item, err := tx.LPop(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("LPop item:", string(item))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LPeek

Returns the first element of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if item, err := tx.LPeek(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("LPeek item:", string(item)) //val11
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

RPop

Removes and returns the last element of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if item, err := tx.RPop(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("RPop item:", string(item))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

RPeek

Returns the last element of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if item, err := tx.RPeek(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("RPeek item:", string(item))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LRange

Returns the specified elements of the list stored in the bucket at given bucket,key, start and end. The offsets start and stop are zero-based indexes 0 being the first element of the list (the head of the list), 1 being the next element and so on. Start and end can also be negative numbers indicating offsets from the end of the list, where -1 is the last element of the list, -2 the penultimate element and so on.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if items, err := tx.LRange(bucket, key, 0, -1); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            //fmt.Println(items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println(string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LRem

Note: This feature can be used starting from v0.6.0

Removes the first count occurrences of elements equal to value from the list stored in the bucket at given bucket,key,count. The count argument influences the operation in the following ways:

count > 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from head to tail.
count < 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from tail to head.
count = 0: Remove all elements equal to value.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        return tx.LRem(bucket, key, 1, []byte("value11))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LRemByIndex

Note: This feature can be used starting from v0.10.0

Remove the element at a specified position (single or multiple) from the list

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        removedNum, err := tx.LRemByIndex(bucket, key, 0, 1)
        fmt.Printf("removed num %d\n", removedNum)
        return err
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LSet

Sets the list element at index to value.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if err := tx.LSet(bucket, key, 0, []byte("val11")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("LSet ok, index 0 item value => val11")
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LTrim

Trims an existing list so that it will contain only the specified range of elements specified. The offsets start and stop are zero-based indexes 0 being the first element of the list (the head of the list), 1 being the next element and so on.Start and end can also be negative numbers indicating offsets from the end of the list, where -1 is the last element of the list, -2 the penultimate element and so on.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        return tx.LTrim(bucket, key, 0, 1)
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LSize

Returns the size of key in the bucket in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForList"
        key := []byte("myList")
        if size,err := tx.LSize(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("myList size is ",size)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

LKeys

find all keys of type List matching a given pattern, similar to Redis command: KEYS

Note: pattern matching use filepath.Match, It is different from redis' behavior in some details, such as [.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        var keys []string
        err := tx.LKeys(bucket, "*", func(key string) bool {
            keys = append(keys, key)
            // true: continue, false: break
            return true
        })
        fmt.Printf("keys: %v\n", keys)
        return err
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Set

SAdd

Adds the specified members to the set stored int the bucket at given bucket,key and items.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "bucketForSet"
        key := []byte("mySet")
        return tx.SAdd(bucket, key, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SAreMembers

Returns if the specified members are the member of the set int the bucket at given bucket,key and items.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "bucketForSet"
        key := []byte("mySet")
        if ok, err := tx.SAreMembers(bucket, key, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SAreMembers:", ok)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SCard

Returns the set cardinality (number of elements) of the set stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "bucketForSet"
        key := []byte("mySet")
        if num, err := tx.SCard(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SCard:", num)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SDiffByOneBucket

Returns the members of the set resulting from the difference between the first set and all the successive sets in one bucket.

key1 := []byte("mySet1")
key2 := []byte("mySet2")
bucket := "bucketForSet"

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket, key1, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket, key2, []byte("c"), []byte("d"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SDiffByOneBucket(bucket, key1, key2); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SDiffByOneBucket:", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
            //item a
            //item b
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SDiffByTwoBuckets

Returns the members of the set resulting from the difference between the first set and all the successive sets in two buckets.

bucket1 := "bucket1"
key1 := []byte("mySet1")

bucket2 := "bucket2"
key2 := []byte("mySet2")

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket1, key1, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket2, key2, []byte("c"), []byte("d"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SDiffByTwoBuckets(bucket1, key1, bucket2, key2); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SDiffByTwoBuckets:", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SHasKey

Returns if the set in the bucket at given bucket and key.

bucket := "bucketForSet"

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if ok, err := tx.SHasKey(bucket, []byte("mySet")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SHasKey", ok)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SIsMember

Returns if member is a member of the set stored in the bucket at given bucket, key and item.

bucket := "bucketForSet"

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if ok, err := tx.SIsMember(bucket, []byte("mySet"), []byte("a")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SIsMember", ok)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SMembers

Returns all the members of the set value stored in the bucket at given bucket and key.

bucket := "bucketForSet"

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket, []byte("mySet")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SMembers", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SMoveByOneBucket

Moves member from the set at source to the set at destination in one bucket.

bucket3 := "bucket3"

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket3, []byte("mySet1"), []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket3, []byte("mySet2"), []byte("c"), []byte("d"), []byte("e"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if ok, err := tx.SMoveByOneBucket(bucket3, []byte("mySet1"), []byte("mySet2"), []byte("a")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SMoveByOneBucket", ok)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket3, []byte("mySet1")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after SMoveByOneBucket bucket3 mySet1 SMembers", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket3, []byte("mySet2")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after SMoveByOneBucket bucket3 mySet2 SMembers", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SMoveByTwoBuckets

Moves member from the set at source to the set at destination in two buckets.

bucket4 := "bucket4"
bucket5 := "bucket5"
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket4, []byte("mySet1"), []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket5, []byte("mySet2"), []byte("c"), []byte("d"), []byte("e"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if ok, err := tx.SMoveByTwoBuckets(bucket4, []byte("mySet1"), bucket5, []byte("mySet2"), []byte("a")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SMoveByTwoBuckets", ok)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket4, []byte("mySet1")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after SMoveByTwoBuckets bucket4 mySet1 SMembers", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket5, []byte("mySet2")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after SMoveByTwoBuckets bucket5 mySet2 SMembers", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SPop

Removes and returns one or more random elements from the set value store in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        key := []byte("mySet")
        if item, err := tx.SPop(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SPop item from mySet:", string(item))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SRem

Removes the specified members from the set stored in the bucket at given bucket,key and items.

bucket6:="bucket6"
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket6, []byte("mySet"), []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if err := tx.SRem(bucket6, []byte("mySet"), []byte("a")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SRem ok")
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SMembers(bucket6, []byte("mySet")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SMembers items:", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item:", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SUnionByOneBucket

The members of the set resulting from the union of all the given sets in one bucket.

bucket7 := "bucket1"
key1 := []byte("mySet1")
key2 := []byte("mySet2")

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket7, key1, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket7, key2, []byte("c"), []byte("d"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SUnionByOneBucket(bucket7, key1, key2); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SUnionByOneBucket:", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SUnionByTwoBuckets

The members of the set resulting from the union of all the given sets in two buckets.

bucket8 := "bucket1"
key1 := []byte("mySet1")

bucket9 := "bucket2"
key2 := []byte("mySet2")

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket8, key1, []byte("a"), []byte("b"), []byte("c"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        return tx.SAdd(bucket9, key2, []byte("c"), []byte("d"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        if items, err := tx.SUnionByTwoBuckets(bucket8, key1, bucket9, key2); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("SUnionByTwoBucket:", items)
            for _, item := range items {
                fmt.Println("item", string(item))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

SKeys

find all keys of type Set matching a given pattern, similar to Redis command: KEYS

Note: pattern matching use filepath.Match, It is different from redis' behavior in some details, such as [.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        var keys []string
        err := tx.SKeys(bucket, "*", func(key string) bool {
            keys = append(keys, key)
            // true: continue, false: break
            return true
        })
        fmt.Printf("keys: %v\n", keys)
        return err
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Sorted Set

ZAdd

Adds the specified member with the specified score and the specified value to the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        key := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key, 1, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZCard

Returns the sorted set cardinality (number of elements) of the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if num, err := tx.ZCard(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZCard num", num)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZCount

Returns the number of elements in the sorted set at bucket with a score between min and max and opts.

Opts includes the following parameters:

Limit int // limit the max nodes to return
ExcludeStart bool // exclude start value, so it search in interval (start, end] or (start, end)
ExcludeEnd bool // exclude end value, so it search in interval [start, end) or (start, end)

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if num, err := tx.ZCount(bucket, 0, 1, nil); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZCount num", num)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZGetByKey

Returns node in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        key := []byte("key2")
        if node, err := tx.ZGetByKey(bucket, key); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZGetByKey key2 val:", string(node.Value))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZMembers

Returns all the members of the set value stored at bucket.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if nodes, err := tx.ZMembers(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZMembers:", nodes)

            for _, node := range nodes {
                fmt.Println("member:", node.Key(), string(node.Value))
            }
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZPeekMax

Returns the member with the highest score in the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if node, err := tx.ZPeekMax(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZPeekMax:", string(node.Value))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZPeekMin

Returns the member with lowest score in the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if node, err := tx.ZPeekMin(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZPeekMin:", string(node.Value))
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZPopMax

Removes and returns the member with the highest score in the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if node, err := tx.ZPopMax(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZPopMax:", string(node.Value)) //val3
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZPopMin

Removes and returns the member with the lowest score in the sorted set stored at bucket.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet1"
        if node, err := tx.ZPopMin(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZPopMin:", string(node.Value)) //val1
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRangeByRank

Returns all the elements in the sorted set in one bucket at bucket and key with a rank between start and end (including elements with rank equal to start or end).

// ZAdd add items
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet2"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 1, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet2"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 2, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet2"
        key3 := []byte("key3")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key3, 3, []byte("val3"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

// ZRangeByRank
if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet2"
        if nodes, err := tx.ZRangeByRank(bucket, 1, 2); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZRangeByRank nodes :", nodes)
            for _, node := range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:", node.Key(), node.Score())
            }
            
            //item: key1 1
            //item: key2 2
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRangeByScore

Returns all the elements in the sorted set at key with a score between min and max. And the parameter Opts is the same as ZCount's.

// ZAdd
if err := db.Update(
        func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
            bucket := "myZSet3"
            key1 := []byte("key1")
            return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 70, []byte("val1"))
        }); err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet3"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 90, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet3"
        key3 := []byte("key3")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key3, 86, []byte("val3"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

// ZRangeByScore
if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet3"
        if nodes, err := tx.ZRangeByScore(bucket, 80, 100,nil); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZRangeByScore nodes :", nodes)
            for _, node := range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:", node.Key(), node.Score())
            }
            //item: key3 86
            //item: key2 90
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRank

Returns the rank of member in the sorted set stored in the bucket at given bucket and key, with the scores ordered from low to high.

// ZAdd
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet4"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 70, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet4"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 90, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet4"
        key3 := []byte("key3")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key3, 86, []byte("val3"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

// ZRank
if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet4"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        if rank, err := tx.ZRank(bucket, key1); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("key1 ZRank :", rank) // key1 ZRank : 1
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRevRank

Returns the rank of member in the sorted set stored in the bucket at given bucket and key,with the scores ordered from high to low.

// ZAdd
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet8"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 10, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet8"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 20, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet8"
        key3 := []byte("key3")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key3, 30, []byte("val3"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

// ZRevRank
if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet8"
        if rank, err := tx.ZRevRank(bucket, []byte("key3")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZRevRank key1 rank:", rank) //ZRevRank key3 rank: 1
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRem

Removes the specified members from the sorted set stored in one bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet5"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 10, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet5"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 20, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet5"
        if nodes,err := tx.ZMembers(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("before ZRem key1, ZMembers nodes",nodes)
            for _,node:=range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:",node.Key(),node.Score())
            }
        }
        // before ZRem key1, ZMembers nodes map[key1:0xc00008cfa0 key2:0xc00008d090]
        // item: key1 10
        // item: key2 20
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet5"
        if err := tx.ZRem(bucket, "key1"); err != nil {
            return err
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet5"
        if nodes,err := tx.ZMembers(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after ZRem key1, ZMembers nodes",nodes)
            for _,node:=range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:",node.Key(),node.Score())
            }
            // after ZRem key1, ZMembers nodes map[key2:0xc00008d090]
            // item: key2 20
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZRemRangeByRank

Removes all elements in the sorted set stored in one bucket at given bucket with rank between start and end. The rank is 1-based integer. Rank 1 means the first node; Rank -1 means the last node.

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        key1 := []byte("key1")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key1, 10, []byte("val1"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        key2 := []byte("key2")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key2, 20, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        key3 := []byte("key3")
        return tx.ZAdd(bucket, key3, 30, []byte("val2"))
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        if nodes,err := tx.ZMembers(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("before ZRemRangeByRank, ZMembers nodes",nodes)
            for _,node:=range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:",node.Key(),node.Score())
            }
            // before ZRemRangeByRank, ZMembers nodes map[key3:0xc00008d450 key1:0xc00008d270 key2:0xc00008d360]
            // item: key1 10
            // item: key2 20
            // item: key3 30
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.Update(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        if err := tx.ZRemRangeByRank(bucket, 1,2); err != nil {
            return err
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet6"
        if nodes,err := tx.ZMembers(bucket); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("after ZRemRangeByRank, ZMembers nodes",nodes)
            for _,node:=range nodes {
                fmt.Println("item:",node.Key(),node.Score())
            }
            // after ZRemRangeByRank, ZMembers nodes map[key3:0xc00008d450]
            // item: key3 30
            // key1 ZScore 10
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZScore

Returns the score of member in the sorted set in the bucket at given bucket and key.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        bucket := "myZSet7"
        if score,err := tx.ZScore(bucket, []byte("key1")); err != nil {
            return err
        } else {
            fmt.Println("ZScore key1 score:",score)
        }
        return nil
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

ZKeys

find all keys of type Sorted Set matching a given pattern, similar to Redis command: KEYS

Note: pattern matching use filepath.Match, It is different from redis' behavior in some details, such as [.

if err := db.View(
    func(tx *nutsdb.Tx) error {
        var keys []string
        err := tx.ZKeys(bucket, "*", func(key string) bool {
            keys = append(keys, key)
            // true: continue, false: break
            return true
        })
        fmt.Printf("keys: %v\n", keys)
        return err
    }); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

Comparison with other databases

BoltDB

BoltDB is similar to NutsDB, both use B+tree and support transaction. However, Bolt uses a B+tree internally and only a single file, and NutsDB is based on bitcask model with multiple log files. NutsDB supports TTL and many data structures, but BoltDB does not support them .

LevelDB, RocksDB

LevelDB and RocksDB are based on a log-structured merge-tree (LSM tree).An LSM tree optimizes random writes by using a write ahead log and multi-tiered, sorted files called SSTables. LevelDB does not have transactions. It supports batch writing of key/value pairs and it supports read snapshots but it will not give you the ability to do a compare-and-swap operation safely. NutsDB supports many data structures, but RocksDB does not support them.

Badger

Badger is based in LSM tree with value log. It designed for SSDs. It also supports transaction and TTL. But in my benchmark its write performance is not as good as i thought. In addition, NutsDB supports data structures such as list、set、sorted set, but Badger does not support them.

Benchmarks

Tested kvstore

Selected kvstore which is embedded, persistence and support transactions.

BadgerDB (master branch with default options)
BoltDB (master branch with default options)
NutsDB (master branch with default options or custom options)

Benchmark System:

Go Version : go1.11.4 darwin/amd64
OS: Mac OS X 10.13.6
Architecture: x86_64
16 GB 2133 MHz LPDDR3
CPU: 3.1 GHz Intel Core i7

Benchmark results:

badger 2019/03/11 18:06:05 INFO: All 0 tables opened in 0s
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/nutsdb/kvstore-bench
BenchmarkBadgerDBPutValue64B-8         10000        112382 ns/op        2374 B/op         74 allocs/op
BenchmarkBadgerDBPutValue128B-8        20000         94110 ns/op        2503 B/op         74 allocs/op
BenchmarkBadgerDBPutValue256B-8        20000         93480 ns/op        2759 B/op         74 allocs/op
BenchmarkBadgerDBPutValue512B-8        10000        101407 ns/op        3271 B/op         74 allocs/op
BenchmarkBadgerDBGet-8               1000000          1552 ns/op         416 B/op          9 allocs/op
BenchmarkBoltDBPutValue64B-8           10000        203128 ns/op       21231 B/op         62 allocs/op
BenchmarkBoltDBPutValue128B-8           5000        229568 ns/op       13716 B/op         64 allocs/op
BenchmarkBoltDBPutValue256B-8          10000        196513 ns/op       17974 B/op         64 allocs/op
BenchmarkBoltDBPutValue512B-8          10000        199805 ns/op       17064 B/op         64 allocs/op
BenchmarkBoltDBGet-8                 1000000          1122 ns/op         592 B/op         10 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBPutValue64B-8           30000         53614 ns/op         626 B/op         14 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBPutValue128B-8          30000         51998 ns/op         664 B/op         13 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBPutValue256B-8          30000         53958 ns/op         920 B/op         13 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBPutValue512B-8          30000         55787 ns/op        1432 B/op         13 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBGet-8                 2000000           661 ns/op          88 B/op          3 allocs/op
BenchmarkNutsDBGetByHintKey-8          50000         27255 ns/op         840 B/op         16 allocs/op
PASS
ok      github.com/nutsdb/kvstore-bench   83.856s

Conclusions:

Put(write) Performance:

NutsDB is fastest. NutsDB is 2-5x faster than BoltDB, 0.5-2x faster than BadgerDB. And BadgerDB is 1-3x faster than BoltDB.

Get(read) Performance:

All are fast. And NutsDB is 1x faster than others. And NutsDB reads with HintKey option is much slower than its default option way.

the benchmark code can be found in the gokvstore-bench repo.

Caveats & Limitations

Index mode

From the version v0.3.0, NutsDB supports two modes about entry index: HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode and HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode. From the version v0.5.0, NutsDB supports HintBPTSparseIdxMode mode.

The default mode use HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode, entries are indexed base on RAM, so its read/write performance is fast. but can’t handle databases much larger than the available physical RAM. If you set the HintKeyAndRAMIdxMode mode, HintIndex will not cache the value of the entry. Its write performance is also fast. To retrieve a key by seeking to offset relative to the start of the data file, so its read performance more slowly that RAM way, but it can save memory. The mode HintBPTSparseIdxMode is based b+ tree sparse index, this mode saves memory very much (1 billion data only uses about 80MB of memory). And other data structures such as list, set, sorted set only supported with mode HintKeyValAndRAMIdxMode. It cannot switch back and forth between modes because the index structure is different.

NutsDB will truncate data file if the active file is larger than SegmentSize, so the size of an entry can not be set larger than SegmentSize , default SegmentSize is 8MB, you can set it(opt.SegmentSize) as option before DB opening. Once set, it cannot be changed.

Support OS

NutsDB currently works on Mac OS, Linux and Windows.

About merge operation

The HintBPTSparseIdxMode mode does not support the merge operation of the current version.

About transactions

Recommend use the latest version.

Contact

nutsdb

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING for details on submitting patches and the contribution workflow.

Acknowledgements

This package is inspired by the following:

License

The NutsDB is open-sourced software licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.

shawnh2/nutsdb

NutsDB

Announcement

Architecture

Table of Contents

Getting Started

Installing

Opening a database

Options

Default Options

Transactions

Read-write transactions

Read-only transactions

Managing transactions manually

Using buckets

Iterate buckets

Delete bucket

Using key/value pairs

Using TTL(Time To Live)

Iterating over keys

Prefix scans

Prefix search scans

Range scans

Get all

iterator

forward iterator

reverse iterator

Merge Operation

Database backup

Using in memory mode

Using other data structures

List

RPush

LPush

LPop

LPeek

RPop

RPeek

LRange

LRem

LRemByIndex

LSet

LTrim

LSize

LKeys

Set

SAdd

SAreMembers

SCard

SDiffByOneBucket

SDiffByTwoBuckets

SHasKey

SIsMember

SMembers

SMoveByOneBucket

SMoveByTwoBuckets

SPop

SRem

SUnionByOneBucket

SUnionByTwoBuckets

SKeys

Sorted Set

ZAdd

ZCard

ZCount

ZGetByKey

ZMembers

ZPeekMax

ZPeekMin

ZPopMax

ZPopMin

ZRangeByRank

ZRangeByScore

ZRank

ZRevRank

ZRem

ZRemRangeByRank

ZScore

ZKeys

Comparison with other databases