Note that this example assumes that you have already uploaded this package to a Conan remote. If you haven't, please follow the instructions on that repo to create and upload the package first.
install_deps.py
This executes the conan install . -g txt, which installs the Test package that was uploaded previously to local project directory.
conanfile.txt
The [imports] section below instructs Conan to extract the contents of the downloaded package into your local project directory. Specifically, it extracts all .h and .a files from the package and puts them into include and lib directories respectively.
[requires]
Test/0.1@myuser/testing
[generators]
txt
[imports]
include, *.h -> ./include # Copies all header files from packages include folders to my "include" folder
lib, *.a -> ./lib # Copies all static libraries from packages lib folders to my "lib" folder
Once the package has been extracted, it's up to the client to incorporate those newly created directories into its build process. For example, the include directory can be added to the compile options for the compiler and the lib directory to the link options for the linker.
A big thanks to @memsharded and @drodri for their help.