A curated collection of useful CSS snippets you can understand in 30 seconds or less. Inspired by 30 seconds of code.
https://css.30secondsofcode.org
See CONTRIBUTING.md for the snippet template.
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Box-sizing reset
Clearfix
Constant width to height ratio
Display table centering
Evenly distributed children
Fit image in container
Flexbox centering
Ghost trick
Grid centering
Last item with remaining available height
Lobotomized Owl Selector
Offscreen
3-tile layout
Transform centering
Truncate text multiline
Truncate text
View contents
View contents
Border with top triangle
Circle
Counter
Custom scrollbar
Custom text selection
Drop cap
Dynamic shadow
Etched text
Focus Within
Fullscreen
Gradient text
Hairline border
Mouse cursor gradient tracking
Navigation list item hover and focus effect
:not selector
Overflow scroll gradient
Pretty text underline
Reset all styles
Shape separator
System font stack
Toggle switch
Transform - Detransform
Triangle
Zebra striped list
Creates a bouncing loader animation.
<div class="bouncing-loader">
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
@keyframes bouncing-loader {
to {
opacity: 0.1;
transform: translate3d(0, -1rem, 0);
}
}
.bouncing-loader {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.bouncing-loader > div {
width: 1rem;
height: 1rem;
margin: 3rem 0.2rem;
background: #8385aa;
border-radius: 50%;
animation: bouncing-loader 0.6s infinite alternate;
}
.bouncing-loader > div:nth-child(2) {
animation-delay: 0.2s;
}
.bouncing-loader > div:nth-child(3) {
animation-delay: 0.4s;
}
Note: 1rem
is usually 16px
.
@keyframes
defines an animation that has two states, where the element changesopacity
and is translated up on the 2D plane usingtransform: translate3d()
. Using a single axis translation ontransform: translate3d()
improves the performance of the animation..bouncing-loader
is the parent container of the bouncing circles and usesdisplay: flex
andjustify-content: center
to position them in the center..bouncing-loader > div
, targets the three childdiv
s of the parent to be styled. Thediv
s are given a width and height of1rem
, usingborder-radius: 50%
to turn them from squares to circles.margin: 3rem 0.2rem
specifies that each circle has a top/bottom margin of3rem
and left/right margin of0.2rem
so that they do not directly touch each other, giving them some breathing room.animation
is a shorthand property for the various animation properties:animation-name
,animation-duration
,animation-iteration-count
,animation-direction
are used.nth-child(n)
targets the element which is the nth child of its parent.animation-delay
is used on the second and thirddiv
respectively, so that each element does not start the animation at the same time.
100.0%
Creates a border animation on hover.
<div class="button-border"><button class="button">Submit</button></div>
.button {
background-color: #c47135;
border: none;
color: #ffffff;
outline: none;
padding: 12px 40px 10px;
position: relative;
}
.button:before,
.button:after {
border: 0 solid transparent;
transition: all 0.25s;
content: '';
height: 24px;
position: absolute;
width: 24px;
}
.button:before {
border-top: 2px solid #c47135;
left: 0px;
top: -5px;
}
.button:after {
border-bottom: 2px solid #c47135;
bottom: -5px;
right: 0px;
}
.button:hover {
background-color: #c47135;
}
.button:hover:before,
.button:hover:after {
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
}
- Use the
:before
and:after
pseduo-elements as borders that animate on hover.
100.0%
Creates a donut spinner that can be used to indicate the loading of content.
<div class="donut"></div>
@keyframes donut-spin {
0% {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
100% {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
.donut {
display: inline-block;
border: 4px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
border-left-color: #7983ff;
border-radius: 50%;
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
animation: donut-spin 1.2s linear infinite;
}
- Use a semi-transparent
border
for the whole element, except one side that will serve as the loading indicator for the donut. Useanimation
to rotate the element.
100.0%
Variables that can be reused for transition-timing-function
properties, more
powerful than the built-in ease
, ease-in
, ease-out
and ease-in-out
.
<div class="easing-variables">Hover</div>
:root {
/* Place variables in here to use globally */
}
.easing-variables {
--ease-in-quad: cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.085, 0.68, 0.53);
--ease-in-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.055, 0.675, 0.19);
--ease-in-quart: cubic-bezier(0.895, 0.03, 0.685, 0.22);
--ease-in-quint: cubic-bezier(0.755, 0.05, 0.855, 0.06);
--ease-in-expo: cubic-bezier(0.95, 0.05, 0.795, 0.035);
--ease-in-circ: cubic-bezier(0.6, 0.04, 0.98, 0.335);
--ease-out-quad: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.46, 0.45, 0.94);
--ease-out-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.215, 0.61, 0.355, 1);
--ease-out-quart: cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1);
--ease-out-quint: cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);
--ease-out-expo: cubic-bezier(0.19, 1, 0.22, 1);
--ease-out-circ: cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1);
--ease-in-out-quad: cubic-bezier(0.455, 0.03, 0.515, 0.955);
--ease-in-out-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);
--ease-in-out-quart: cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);
--ease-in-out-quint: cubic-bezier(0.86, 0, 0.07, 1);
--ease-in-out-expo: cubic-bezier(1, 0, 0, 1);
--ease-in-out-circ: cubic-bezier(0.785, 0.135, 0.15, 0.86);
display: inline-block;
width: 75px;
height: 75px;
padding: 10px;
color: white;
line-height: 50px;
text-align: center;
background: #333;
transition: transform 1s var(--ease-out-quart);
}
.easing-variables:hover {
transform: rotate(45deg);
}
- The variables are defined globally within the
:root
CSS pseudo-class which matches the root element of a tree representing the document. - In HTML,
:root
represents the<html>
element and is identical to the selectorhtml
, except that its specificity is higher.
96.5%
Transitions an element's height from 0
to auto
when its height is unknown.
<div class="trigger">
Hover me to see a height transition.
<div class="el">content</div>
</div>
.el {
transition: max-height 0.5s;
overflow: hidden;
max-height: 0;
}
.trigger:hover > .el {
max-height: var(--max-height);
}
var el = document.querySelector('.el')
var height = el.scrollHeight
el.style.setProperty('--max-height', height + 'px')
transition: max-height: 0.5s cubic-bezier(...)
specifies that changes tomax-height
should be transitioned over 0.5 seconds, using anease-out-quint
timing function.overflow: hidden
prevents the contents of the hidden element from overflowing its container.max-height: 0
specifies that the element has no height initially..target:hover > .el
specifies that when the parent is hovered over, target a child.el
within it and use the--max-height
variable which was defined by JavaScript.
el.scrollHeight
is the height of the element including overflow, which will change dynamically based on the content of the element.el.style.setProperty(...)
sets the--max-height
CSS variable which is used to specify themax-height
of the element the target is hovered over, allowing it to transition smoothly from 0 to auto.
96.5%
Creates a shadow box around the text when it is hovered.
<p class="hover-shadow-box-animation">Box it!</p>
.hover-shadow-box-animation {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
transform: perspective(1px) translateZ(0);
box-shadow: 0 0 1px transparent;
margin: 10px;
transition-duration: 0.3s;
transition-property: box-shadow, transform;
}
.hover-shadow-box-animation:hover,
.hover-shadow-box-animation:focus,
.hover-shadow-box-animation:active {
box-shadow: 1px 10px 10px -10px rgba(0, 0, 24, 0.5);
transform: scale(1.2);
}
display: inline-block
to set width and length forp
element thus making it aninline-block
.- Set
transform: perspective(1px)
to give element a 3D space by affecting the distance between the Z plane and the user andtranslate(0)
to reposition thep
element along z-axis in 3D space. box-shadow:
to set up the box.transparent
to make box transparent.transition-property
to enable transitions for bothbox-shadow
andtransform
.:hover
to activate whole css when hovering is done untilactive
.transform: scale(1.2)
to change the scale, magnifying the text.
100.0%
Creates an animated underline effect when the text is hovered over.
Credit: https://flatuicolors.com/
<p class="hover-underline-animation">Hover this text to see the effect!</p>
.hover-underline-animation {
display: inline-block;
position: relative;
color: #0087ca;
}
.hover-underline-animation::after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
transform: scaleX(0);
height: 2px;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
background-color: #0087ca;
transform-origin: bottom right;
transition: transform 0.25s ease-out;
}
.hover-underline-animation:hover::after {
transform: scaleX(1);
transform-origin: bottom left;
}
display: inline-block
makes the blockp
aninline-block
to prevent the underline from spanning the entire parent width rather than just the content (text).position: relative
on the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo-elements.::after
defines a pseudo-element.position: absolute
takes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.width: 100%
ensures the pseudo-element spans the entire width of the text block.transform: scaleX(0)
initially scales the pseudo element to 0 so it has no width and is not visible.bottom: 0
andleft: 0
position it to the bottom left of the block.transition: transform 0.25s ease-out
means changes totransform
will be transitioned over 0.25 seconds with anease-out
timing function.transform-origin: bottom right
means the transform anchor point is positioned at the bottom right of the block.:hover::after
then usesscaleX(1)
to transition the width to 100%, then changes thetransform-origin
tobottom left
so that the anchor point is reversed, allowing it transition out in the other direction when hovered off.
100.0%
Creates a pulse effect loader animation using the animation-delay
property.
<div class="ripple-loader">
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
.ripple-loader {
position: relative;
width: 64px;
height: 64px;
}
.ripple-loader div {
position: absolute;
border: 4px solid #76ff03;
border-radius: 50%;
animation: ripple-loader 1s ease-out infinite;
}
.ripple-loader div:nth-child(2) {
animation-delay: -0.5s;
}
@keyframes ripple-loader {
0% {
top: 32px;
left: 32px;
width: 0;
height: 0;
opacity: 1;
}
100% {
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 64px;
height: 64px;
opacity: 0;
}
}
- Use
@keyframes
to define an animation at two points in the cycle, start (0%
), where the two<div>
elements have nowidth
orheight
and are positioned at the center and end (100%
), where both<div>
elements have increasedwidth
andheight
, but theirposition
is reset to0
. - Use
opacity
to transition from1
to0
when animating to give the<div>
elements a disappearing effect as they expand. .ripple-loader
, which is the parent container, has a predefinedwidth
andheight
. It usesposition: relative
to position its children.- Use
animation-delay
on the second<div>
element, so that each element starts its animation at a different time.
100.0%
Makes the content unselectable.
<p>You can select me.</p>
<p class="unselectable">You can't select me!</p>
.unselectable {
user-select: none;
}
user-select: none
specifies that the text cannot be selected.
97.5%
This is a way to build simple hamburger button for menu bar.
<button class="hb"></button>
.hb,
.hb:before,
.hb:after {
position: relative;
width: 30px;
height: 5px;
border: none;
outline: none;
background-color: #333;
border-radius: 3px;
transition: 0.5s;
cursor: pointer;
}
.hb:before,
.hb:after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
top: -7.5px;
left: 0;
}
.hb:after {
top: 7.5px;
}
.hb:hover {
background-color: transparent;
}
.hb:hover:before,
.hb:hover:after {
top: 0;
}
.hb:hover::before {
transform: rotate(45deg);
}
.hb:hover::after {
transform: rotate(-45deg);
}
- Use a
<button>
element for the middle bar of the hamburger icon. - Use the
::before
and::after
pseudo-elements to create the top and bottom bars of the icon. - Use
position: relative
on the<button>
andposition: absolute
on the pseudo-elements to place them appropriately. - Use the
:hover
pseudo-selector to rotate:before
to45deg
and:after
to-45deg
and hide the center bar using:background-color
transparent.
100.0%
Reveals an interactive popout menu on hover and focus.
<div class="reference" tabindex="0"><div class="popout-menu">Popout menu</div></div>
.reference {
position: relative;
background: tomato;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
.popout-menu {
position: absolute;
visibility: hidden;
left: 100%;
background: #333;
color: white;
padding: 15px;
}
.reference:hover > .popout-menu,
.reference:focus > .popout-menu,
.reference:focus-within > .popout-menu {
visibility: visible;
}
position: relative
on the reference parent establishes a Cartesian positioning context for its child.position: absolute
takes the popout menu out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.left: 100%
moves the the popout menu 100% of its parent's width from the left.visibility: hidden
hides the popout menu initially and allows for transitions (unlikedisplay: none
)..reference:hover > .popout-menu
means that when.reference
is hovered over, select immediate children with a class of.popout-menu
and change theirvisibility
tovisible
, which shows the popout..reference:focus > .popout-menu
means that when.reference
is focused, the popout would be shown..reference:focus-within > .popout-menu
ensures that the popout is shown when the focus is within the reference.
100.0%
Fades out the siblings of a hovered item.
<div class="sibling-fade">
<span>Item 1</span> <span>Item 2</span> <span>Item 3</span> <span>Item 4</span>
<span>Item 5</span> <span>Item 6</span>
</div>
span {
padding: 0 1rem;
transition: opacity 0.2s;
}
.sibling-fade:hover span:not(:hover) {
opacity: 0.5;
}
transition: opacity 0.2s
specifies that changes to opacity will be transitioned over 0.2 seconds..sibling-fade:hover span:not(:hover)
specifies that when the parent is hovered, select anyspan
children that are not currently being hovered and change their opacity to0.5
.
100.0%
Resets the box-model so that width
s and height
s are not affected by their border
s or padding
.
<div class="box">border-box</div>
<div class="box content-box">content-box</div>
html {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
*,
*::before,
*::after {
box-sizing: inherit;
}
.box {
display: inline-block;
width: 150px;
height: 150px;
padding: 10px;
background: tomato;
color: white;
border: 10px solid red;
}
.content-box {
box-sizing: content-box;
}
box-sizing: border-box
makes the addition ofpadding
orborder
s not affect an element'swidth
orheight
.box-sizing: inherit
makes an element respect its parent'sbox-sizing
rule.
100.0%
Ensures that an element self-clears its children.
Note: This is only useful if you are still using float to build layouts. Please consider using a modern approach with flexbox layout or grid layout.
<div class="clearfix">
<div class="floated">float a</div>
<div class="floated">float b</div>
<div class="floated">float c</div>
</div>
.clearfix::after {
content: '';
display: block;
clear: both;
}
.floated {
float: left;
}
.clearfix::after
defines a pseudo-element.content: ''
allows the pseudo-element to affect layout.clear: both
indicates that the left, right or both sides of the element cannot be adjacent to earlier floated elements within the same block formatting context.
100.0%
Given an element of variable width, it will ensure its height remains proportionate in a responsive fashion (i.e., its width to height ratio remains constant).
<div class="constant-width-to-height-ratio"></div>
.constant-width-to-height-ratio {
background: #333;
width: 50%;
}
.constant-width-to-height-ratio::before {
content: '';
padding-top: 100%;
float: left;
}
.constant-width-to-height-ratio::after {
content: '';
display: block;
clear: both;
}
padding-top
on the::before
pseudo-element causes the height of the element to equal a percentage of its width.100%
therefore means the element's height will always be100%
of the width, creating a responsive square.- This method also allows content to be placed inside the element normally.
100.0%
Vertically and horizontally centers a child element within its parent element using display: table
(as an alternative to flexbox
).
<div class="container">
<div class="center"><span>Centered content</span></div>
</div>
.container {
border: 1px solid #333;
height: 250px;
width: 250px;
}
.center {
display: table;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
}
.center > span {
display: table-cell;
text-align: center;
vertical-align: middle;
}
display: table
on '.center' allows the element to behave like a<table>
HTML element.- 100% height and width on '.center' allows the element to fill the available space within its parent element.
display: table-cell
on '.center > span' allows the element to behave like an HTML element.text-align: center
on '.center > span' centers the child element horizontally.vertical-align: middle
on '.center > span' centers the child element vertically.
- The outer parent ('.container' in this case) must have a fixed height and width.
100.0%
Evenly distributes child elements within a parent element.
<div class="evenly-distributed-children">
<p>Item1</p>
<p>Item2</p>
<p>Item3</p>
</div>
.evenly-distributed-children {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
}
display: flex
enables flexbox.justify-content: space-between
evenly distributes child elements horizontally. The first item is positioned at the left edge, while the last item is positioned at the right edge.
- Alternatively, use
justify-content: space-around
to distribute the children with space around them, rather than between them.
100.0%
Changes the fit and position of an image within its container while preserving its aspect ratio. Previously only possible using a background image and the background-size
property.
<img class="image image-contain" src="https://picsum.photos/600/200" />
<img class="image image-cover" src="https://picsum.photos/600/200" />
.image {
background: #34495e;
border: 1px solid #34495e;
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
}
.image-contain {
object-fit: contain;
object-position: center;
}
.image-cover {
object-fit: cover;
object-position: right top;
}
object-fit: contain
fits the entire image within the container while preserving its aspect ratio.object-fit: cover
fills the container with the image while preserving its aspect ratio.object-position: [x] [y]
positions the image within the container.
99.5%
Horizontally and vertically centers a child element within a parent element using flexbox
.
<div class="flexbox-centering"><div class="child">Centered content.</div></div>
.flexbox-centering {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
height: 100px;
}
display: flex
enables flexbox.justify-content: center
centers the child horizontally.align-items: center
centers the child vertically.
100.0%
Vertically centers an element in another.
<div class="ghost-trick">
<div class="ghosting"><p>Vertically centered without changing the position property.</p></div>
</div>
.ghosting {
height: 300px;
background: #0ff;
}
.ghosting:before {
content: '';
display: inline-block;
height: 100%;
vertical-align: middle;
}
p {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
- Use the style of a
:before
pseudo-element to vertically align inline elements without changing theirposition
property.
100.0%
Horizontally and vertically centers a child element within a parent element using grid
.
<div class="grid-centering"><div class="child">Centered content.</div></div>
.grid-centering {
display: grid;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
height: 100px;
}
display: grid
enables grid.justify-content: center
centers the child horizontally.align-items: center
centers the child vertically.
97.3%
Take advantage of available viewport space by giving the last element the remaining available space in current viewport, even when resizing the window.
<div class="container">
<div>Div 1</div>
<div>Div 2</div>
<div>Div 3</div>
</div>
html,
body {
height: 100%;
margin: 0;
}
.container {
height: 100%;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
.container > div:last-child {
background-color: tomato;
flex: 1;
}
height: 100%
set the height of container as viewport height.display: flex
enables flexbox.flex-direction: column
set the direction of flex items' order from top to down.flex-grow: 1
the flexbox will apply remaining available space of container to last child element.
- The parent must have a viewport height.
flex-grow: 1
could be applied to the first or second element, which will have all available space.
100.0%
Sets an automatically inherited margin for all elements that follow other elements in the document.
<div>
<div>Parent 01</div>
<div>Parent 02
<div>Child 01</div>
<div>Child 02</div>
</div>
<div>Parent 03</div>
</div>
* + * {
margin-top: 1.5em;
}
- View this link for a detailed explanation.
- In this example, all elements in the flow of the document that follow other elements will receive
margin-top: 1.5em
. - This example assumes that the paragraphs'
font-size
is 1em and itsline-height
is 1.5.
100.0%
A bulletproof way to completely hide an element visually and positionally in the DOM while still allowing it to be accessed by JavaScript and readable by screen readers. This method is very useful for accessibility (ADA) development when more context is needed for visually-impaired users. As an alternative to display: none
which is not readable by screen readers or visibility: hidden
which takes up physical space in the DOM.
<a class="button" href="http://pantswebsite.com">
Learn More <span class="offscreen"> about pants</span>
</a>
.offscreen {
border: 0;
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
}
- Remove all borders.
- Use
clip
to indicate that no part of the element should be shown. - Make the height and width of the element 1px.
- Negate the elements height and width using
margin: -1px
. - Hide the element's overflow.
- Remove all padding.
- Position the element absolutely so that it does not take up space in the DOM.
100.0%
(Although clip
technically has been depreciated, the newer clip-path
currently has very limited browser support.)
Align items horizontally using display: inline-block
to create a 3-tile layout.
<div class="tiles">
<div class="tile">
<img class="tile_image" src="https://via.placeholder.com/250x150" alt="placeholder" >
<h2 class="tile_title">30 Seconds of CSS</h2>
</div>
<div class="tile">
<img class="tile_image" src="https://via.placeholder.com/250x150" alt="placeholder" >
<h2 class="tile_title">30 Seconds of CSS</h2>
</div>
<div class="tile">
<img class="tile_image" src="https://via.placeholder.com/250x150" alt="placeholder" >
<h2 class="tile_title">30 Seconds of CSS</h2>
</div>
</div>
.tiles {
width: 900px;
font-size: 0;
}
.tile {
width: calc(900px / 3);
display: inline-block;
}
.tile h2 {
font-size: 20px;
}
- Use
display: inline-block
to create a tiled layout, without usingfloat
,flex
orgrid
. .tiles
is the container component,.tile
is an item that needs to be displayed inline.- Use
width: calc((900px / 3))
to divide the width of the container evenly into 3 columns. - Set
font-size: 0;
on.tiles
to avoid whitespace. - Set
font-size: 20px
toh2
in order to display the text.
100.0%
Vertically and horizontally centers a child element within its parent element using position: absolute
and transform: translate()
(as an alternative to flexbox
or display: table
). Similar to flexbox
, this method does not require you to know the height or width of your parent or child so it is ideal for responsive applications.
<div class="parent"><div class="child">Centered content</div></div>
.parent {
border: 1px solid #333;
height: 250px;
position: relative;
width: 250px;
}
.child {
left: 50%;
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
text-align: center;
}
position: absolute
on the child element allows it to be positioned based on its containing block.left: 50%
andtop: 50%
offsets the child 50% from the left and top edge of its containing block.transform: translate(-50%, -50%)
allows the height and width of the child element to be negated so that it is vertically and horizontally centered.
- Note: that the fixed height and width on parent element is for the demo only.
100.0%
If the text is longer than one line, it will be truncated for n
lines and end with an gradient fade.
<p class="truncate-text-multiline">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut
labore et.
</p>
.truncate-text-multiline {
overflow: hidden;
display: block;
height: 109.2px;
margin: 0 auto;
font-size: 26px;
line-height: 1.4;
width: 400px;
position: relative;
}
.truncate-text-multiline:after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
width: 150px;
height: 36.4px;
background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #f5f6f9 50%);
}
overflow: hidden
prevents the text from overflowing its dimensions (for a block, 100% width and auto height).width: 400px
ensures the element has a dimension.height: 109.2px
calculated value for height, it equalsfont-size * line-height * numberOfLines
(in this case26 * 1.4 * 3 = 109.2
)height: 36.4px
calculated value for gradient container, it equalsfont-size * line-height
(in this case26 * 1.4 = 36.4
)background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #f5f6f9 50%)
gradient fromtransparent
to#f5f6f9
100.0%
If the text is longer than one line, it will be truncated and end with an ellipsis …
.
<p class="truncate-text">If I exceed one line's width, I will be truncated.</p>
.truncate-text {
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
width: 200px;
}
overflow: hidden
prevents the text from overflowing its dimensions (for a block, 100% width and auto height).white-space: nowrap
prevents the text from exceeding one line in height.text-overflow: ellipsis
makes it so that if the text exceeds its dimensions, it will end with an ellipsis.width: 200px;
ensures the element has a dimension, to know when to get ellipsis
100.0%
The function calc() allows to define CSS values with the use of mathematical expressions, the value adopted for the property is the result of a mathematical expression.
<div class="box-example"></div>
.box-example {
height: 280px;
background: #222 url('https://image.ibb.co/fUL9nS/wolf.png') no-repeat;
background-position: calc(100% - 20px) calc(100% - 20px);
}
- It allows addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
- Can use different units (pixel and percent together, for example) for each value in your expression.
- It is permitted to nest calc() functions.
- It can be used in any property that
<length>
,<frequency>
,<angle>
,<time>
,<number>
,<color>
, or<integer>
is allowed, like width, height, font-size, top, left, etc.
100.0%
CSS variables that contain specific values to be reused throughout a document.
<p class="custom-variables">CSS is awesome!</p>
:root {
/* Place variables within here to use the variables globally. */
}
.custom-variables {
--some-color: #da7800;
--some-keyword: italic;
--some-size: 1.25em;
--some-complex-value: 1px 1px 2px whitesmoke, 0 0 1em slategray, 0 0 0.2em slategray;
color: var(--some-color);
font-size: var(--some-size);
font-style: var(--some-keyword);
text-shadow: var(--some-complex-value);
}
- The variables are defined globally within the
:root
CSS pseudo-class which matches the root element of a tree representing the document. Variables can also be scoped to a selector if defined within the block. - Declare a variable with
--variable-name:
. - Reuse variables throughout the document using the
var(--variable-name)
function.
96.5%
Creates a text container with a triangle at the top.
<div class="container">
Border with top triangle
</div>
.container {
position: relative;
background: #ffffff;
padding: 15px;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.container:before, .container:after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
bottom: 100%;
left: 19px;
border: 11px solid transparent;
border-bottom-color: #dddddd;
}
.container:after {
left: 20px;
border: 10px solid transparent;
border-bottom-color: #ffffff;
}
- Use the
:before
and:after
pseudo-elements to create two triangles. - The color of the
:before
triangle should be the same as the container's border color. - The color of the
:after
triangle should be the same as the container background color. - The border width of the
:before
triangle should be1px
wider than the:after
triangle, in order to act as the border. - The
:after
triangle should be1px
to the right of the:before
triangle to allow for its left border to be shown.
100.0%
Creates a circle shape with pure CSS.
<div class="circle"></div>
.circle {
border-radius: 50%;
width: 2rem;
height: 2rem;
background: #333;
}
border-radius: 50%
curves the borders of an element to create a circle.- Since a circle has the same radius at any given point, the
width
andheight
must be the same. Differing values will create an ellipse.
100.0%
Counters are, in essence, variables maintained by CSS whose values may be incremented by CSS rules to track how many times they're used.
<ul>
<li>List item</li>
<li>List item</li>
<li>
List item
<ul>
<li>List item</li>
<li>List item</li>
<li>List item</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
ul {
counter-reset: counter;
}
li::before {
counter-increment: counter;
content: counters(counter, '.') ' ';
}
- You can create a ordered list using any type of HTML.
counter-reset
Initializes a counter, the value is the name of the counter. By default, the counter starts at 0. This property can also be used to change its value to any specific number.counter-increment
Used in element that will be countable. Oncecounter-reset
initialized, a counter's value can be increased or decreased.counter(name, style)
Displays the value of a section counter. Generally used in acontent
property. This function can receive two parameters, the first as the name of the counter and the second one can bedecimal
orupper-roman
(decimal
by default).counters(counter, string, style)
Displays the value of a section counter. Generally used in acontent
property. This function can receive three parameters, the first as the name of the counter, the second one you can include a string which comes after the counter and the third one can bedecimal
orupper-roman
(decimal
by default).- A CSS counter can be especially useful for making outlined lists, because a new instance of the counter is automatically created in child elements. Using the
counters()
function, separating text can be inserted between different levels of nested counters.
100.0%
Customizes the scrollbar style for the document and elements with scrollable overflow, on WebKit platforms.
<div class="custom-scrollbar">
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.<br />
Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit?
</p>
</div>
.custom-scrollbar {
height: 70px;
overflow-y: scroll;
}
/* To style the document scrollbar, remove `.custom-scrollbar` */
.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {
width: 8px;
}
.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
border-radius: 10px;
}
.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
::-webkit-scrollbar
targets the whole scrollbar element.::-webkit-scrollbar-track
targets only the scrollbar track.::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb
targets the scrollbar thumb.
There are many other pseudo-elements that you can use to style scrollbars. For more info, visit the WebKit Blog.
97.7%
Changes the styling of text selection.
<p class="custom-text-selection">Select some of this text.</p>
::selection {
background: aquamarine;
color: black;
}
.custom-text-selection::selection {
background: deeppink;
color: white;
}
::selection
defines a pseudo selector on an element to style text within it when selected. Note that if you don't combine any other selector your style will be applied at document root level, to any selectable element.
90.1%
Makes the first letter in the first paragraph bigger than the rest of the text - often used to signify the beginning of a new section.
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam commodo ligula quis tincidunt cursus. Integer consectetur tempor ex eget hendrerit. Cras facilisis sodales odio nec maximus. Pellentesque lacinia convallis libero, rhoncus tincidunt ante dictum at. Nullam facilisis lectus tellus, sit amet congue erat sodales commodo.</p>
<p>Donec magna erat, imperdiet non odio sed, sodales tempus magna. Integer vitae orci lectus. Nullam consectetur orci at pellentesque efficitur.</p>
p:first-child::first-letter {
color: #5f79ff;
float: left;
margin: 0 8px 0 4px;
font-size: 3rem;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1;
}
- Use the
::first-letter
pseudo-element to style the first element of the paragraph, use the:first-child
selector to select only the first paragraph.
100.0%
Creates a shadow similar to box-shadow
but based on the colors of the element itself.
<div class="dynamic-shadow"></div>
.dynamic-shadow {
position: relative;
width: 10rem;
height: 10rem;
background: linear-gradient(75deg, #6d78ff, #00ffb8);
z-index: 1;
}
.dynamic-shadow::after {
content: '';
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
position: absolute;
background: inherit;
top: 0.5rem;
filter: blur(0.4rem);
opacity: 0.7;
z-index: -1;
}
position: relative
on the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for psuedo-elements.z-index: 1
establishes a new stacking context.::after
defines a pseudo-element.position: absolute
takes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.width: 100%
andheight: 100%
sizes the pseudo-element to fill its parent's dimensions, making it equal in size.background: inherit
causes the pseudo-element to inherit the linear gradient specified on the element.top: 0.5rem
offsets the pseudo-element down slightly from its parent.filter: blur(0.4rem)
will blur the pseudo-element to create the appearance of a shadow underneath.opacity: 0.7
makes the pseudo-element partially transparent.z-index: -1
positions the pseudo-element behind the parent but in front of the background.
98.5%
Creates an effect where text appears to be "etched" or engraved into the background.
<p class="etched-text">I appear etched into the background.</p>
.etched-text {
text-shadow: 0 2px white;
font-size: 1.5rem;
font-weight: bold;
color: #b8bec5;
}
text-shadow: 0 2px white
creates a white shadow offset0px
horizontally and2px
vertically from the origin position.- The background must be darker than the shadow for the effect to work.
- The text color should be slightly faded to make it look like it's engraved/carved out of the background.
100.0%
Changes the appearance of a form if any of its children are focused.
<div class="focus-within">
<form>
<label for="given_name">Given Name:</label> <input id="given_name" type="text" /> <br />
<label for="family_name">Family Name:</label> <input id="family_name" type="text" />
</form>
</div>
form {
border: 3px solid #2d98da;
color: #000000;
padding: 4px;
}
form:focus-within {
background: #f7b731;
color: #000000;
}
- The psuedo class
:focus-within
applies styles to a parent element if any child element gets focused. For example, aninput
element inside aform
element.
85.4%
The :fullscreen CSS pseudo-class represents an element that's displayed when the browser is in fullscreen mode.
<div class="container">
<p><em>Click the button below to enter the element into fullscreen mode. </em></p>
<div class="element" id="element"><p>I change color in fullscreen mode!</p></div>
<br />
<button onclick="var el = document.getElementById('element'); el.requestFullscreen();">
Go Full Screen!
</button>
</div>
.container {
margin: 40px auto;
max-width: 700px;
}
.element {
padding: 20px;
height: 300px;
width: 100%;
background-color: skyblue;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.element p {
text-align: center;
color: white;
font-size: 3em;
}
.element:-ms-fullscreen p {
visibility: visible;
}
.element:fullscreen {
background-color: #e4708a;
width: 100vw;
height: 100vh;
}
fullscreen
CSS pseudo-class selector is used to select and style an element that is being displayed in fullscreen mode.
99.1%
Gives text a gradient color.
<p class="gradient-text">Gradient text</p>
.gradient-text {
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(pink, red);
-webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
-webkit-background-clip: text;
}
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(...)
gives the text element a gradient background.webkit-text-fill-color: transparent
fills the text with a transparent color.webkit-background-clip: text
clips the background with the text, filling the text with the gradient background as the color.
98.7%
Gives an element a border equal to 1 native device pixel in width, which can look very sharp and crisp.
<div class="hairline-border">text</div>
.hairline-border {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px;
}
@media (min-resolution: 2dppx) {
.hairline-border {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.5px;
}
}
@media (min-resolution: 3dppx) {
.hairline-border {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.33333333px;
}
}
@media (min-resolution: 4dppx) {
.hairline-border {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25px;
}
}
box-shadow
, when only using spread, adds a pseudo-border which can use subpixels*.- Use
@media (min-resolution: ...)
to check the device pixel ratio (1dppx
equals 96 DPI), setting the spread of thebox-shadow
equal to1 / dppx
.
100.0%
*Chrome does not support subpixel values on border
. Safari does not support subpixel values on box-shadow
. Firefox supports subpixel values on both.
A hover effect where the gradient follows the mouse cursor.
Credit: Tobias Reich
<button class="mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking"><span>Hover me</span></button>
.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking {
position: relative;
background: #7983ff;
padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
font-size: 1.2rem;
border: none;
color: white;
cursor: pointer;
outline: none;
overflow: hidden;
}
.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking span {
position: relative;
}
.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking::before {
--size: 0;
content: '';
position: absolute;
left: var(--x);
top: var(--y);
width: var(--size);
height: var(--size);
background: radial-gradient(circle closest-side, pink, transparent);
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
transition: width 0.2s ease, height 0.2s ease;
}
.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking:hover::before {
--size: 200px;
}
var btn = document.querySelector('.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking')
btn.onmousemove = function(e) {
var rect = e.target.getBoundingClientRect()
var x = e.clientX - rect.left
var y = e.clientY - rect.top
btn.style.setProperty('--x', x + 'px')
btn.style.setProperty('--y', y + 'px')
}
--x
and--y
are used to track the position of the mouse on the button.--size
is used to keep modify of the gradient's dimensions.background: radial-gradient(circle closest-side, pink, transparent);
creates the gradient at the correct postion.
96.5%
Fancy hover and focus effect at navigation items using transform CSS property.
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#/">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#/">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
nav ul {
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
nav li {
float: left;
}
nav li a {
position: relative;
display: block;
color: #222;
text-align: center;
padding: 8px 12px;
text-decoration: none;
}
li a::before {
position: absolute;
content: "";
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
background-color: #f6c126;
z-index: -1;
transform: scale(0);
transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out;
}
li a:hover::before, li a:focus::before {
transform: scale(1);
}
- Use the
::before
pseudo-element at the list item anchor to create a hover effect, hide it usingtransform: scale(0)
. - Use the
:hover
and:focus
pseudo-selectors to transition totransform: scale(1)
and show the pseudo-element with its colored background. - Prevent the pseudo-element from covering the anchor element by using
z-index: -1
.
100.0%
The :not
pseudo selector is useful for styling a group of elements, while leaving the last (or specified) element unstyled.
<ul class="css-not-selector-shortcut">
<li>One</li>
<li>Two</li>
<li>Three</li>
<li>Four</li>
</ul>
.css-not-selector-shortcut {
display: flex;
}
ul {
padding-left: 0;
}
li {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0 0.75rem;
}
li:not(:last-child) {
border-right: 2px solid #d2d5e4;
}
li:not(:last-child)
specifies that the styles should apply to allli
elements except the:last-child
.
100.0%
Adds a fading gradient to an overflowing element to better indicate there is more content to be scrolled.
<div class="overflow-scroll-gradient">
<div class="overflow-scroll-gradient__scroller">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. <br />
Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit? <br />
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.<br />
Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit?
</div>
</div>
.overflow-scroll-gradient {
position: relative;
}
.overflow-scroll-gradient::after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
width: 250px;
height: 25px;
background: linear-gradient(
rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.001),
white
); /* transparent keyword is broken in Safari */
pointer-events: none;
}
.overflow-scroll-gradient__scroller {
overflow-y: scroll;
background: white;
width: 240px;
height: 200px;
padding: 15px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
position: relative
on the parent establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo-elements.::after
defines a pseudo element.background-image: linear-gradient(...)
adds a linear gradient that fades from transparent to white (top to bottom).position: absolute
takes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.width: 240px
matches the size of the scrolling element (which is a child of the parent that has the pseudo element).height: 25px
is the height of the fading gradient pseudo-element, which should be kept relatively small.bottom: 0
positions the pseudo-element at the bottom of the parent.pointer-events: none
specifies that the pseudo-element cannot be a target of mouse events, allowing text behind it to still be selectable/interactive.
100.0%
A nicer alternative to text-decoration: underline
or <u></u>
where descenders do not clip the underline.
Natively implemented as text-decoration-skip-ink: auto
but it has less control over the underline.
<p class="pretty-text-underline">Pretty text underline without clipping descending letters.</p>
.pretty-text-underline {
display: inline;
text-shadow: 1px 1px #f5f6f9, -1px 1px #f5f6f9, -1px -1px #f5f6f9, 1px -1px #f5f6f9;
background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, currentColor 100%, transparent 100%);
background-position: bottom;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 100% 1px;
}
.pretty-text-underline::-moz-selection {
background-color: rgba(0, 150, 255, 0.3);
text-shadow: none;
}
.pretty-text-underline::selection {
background-color: rgba(0, 150, 255, 0.3);
text-shadow: none;
}
text-shadow
uses 4 values with offsets that cover a 4x4 px area to ensure the underline has a "thick" shadow that covers the line where descenders clip it. Use a color that matches the background. For a larger font, use a largerpx
size. Additional values can create an even thicker shadow, and subpixel values can also be used.background-image: linear-gradient(...)
creates a 90deg gradient using the text color (currentColor
).- The
background-*
properties size the gradient as 100% of the width of the block and 1px in height at the bottom and disables repetition, which creates a 1px underline beneath the text. - The
::selection
pseudo selector rule ensures the text shadow does not interfere with text selection.
100.0%
Resets all styles to default values with one property. This will not affect direction
and unicode-bidi
properties.
<div class="reset-all-styles">
<h5>Title</h5>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Iure id exercitationem nulla qui
repellat laborum vitae, molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. Quisquam enim qui
iure, consequatur velit sit?
</p>
</div>
.reset-all-styles {
all: initial;
}
- The
all
property allows you to reset all styles (inherited or not) to default values.
95.8%
Uses an SVG shape to separate two different blocks to create more a interesting visual appearance compared to standard horizontal separation.
<div class="shape-separator"></div>
.shape-separator {
position: relative;
height: 48px;
background: #333;
}
.shape-separator::after {
content: '';
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 12'%3E%3Cpath d='m12 0l12 12h-24z' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
height: 12px;
bottom: 0;
}
position: relative
on the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo elements.::after
defines a pseudo element.background-image: url(...)
adds the SVG shape (a 24x12 triangle) as the background image of the pseudo element, which repeats by default. It must be the same color as the block that is being separated. For other shapes, we can use the URL-encoder for SVG.position: absolute
takes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.width: 100%
ensures the element stretches the entire width of its parent.height: 12px
is the same height as the shape.bottom: 0
positions the pseudo element at the bottom of the parent.
100.0%
Uses the native font of the operating system to get close to a native app feel.
<p class="system-font-stack">This text uses the system font.</p>
.system-font-stack {
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu,
Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
- The browser looks for each successive font, preferring the first one if possible, and falls back to the next if it cannot find the font (on the system or defined in CSS).
-apple-system
is San Francisco, used on iOS and macOS (not Chrome however)BlinkMacSystemFont
is San Francisco, used on macOS ChromeSegoe UI
is used on Windows 10Roboto
is used on AndroidOxygen-Sans
is used on Linux with KDEUbuntu
is used on Ubuntu (all variants)Cantarell
is used on Linux with GNOME Shell"Helvetica Neue"
andHelvetica
is used on macOS 10.10 and below (wrapped in quotes because it has a space)Arial
is a font widely supported by all operating systemssans-serif
is the fallback sans-serif font if none of the other fonts are supported
100.0%
Creates a toggle switch with CSS only.
<input type="checkbox" id="toggle" class="offscreen" /> <label for="toggle" class="switch"></label>
.switch {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
width: 40px;
height: 20px;
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
border-radius: 20px;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
.switch::after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
width: 18px;
height: 18px;
border-radius: 18px;
background-color: white;
top: 1px;
left: 1px;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch::after {
transform: translateX(20px);
}
input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch {
background-color: #7983ff;
}
.offscreen {
position: absolute;
left: -9999px;
}
- This effect is styling only the
<label>
element to look like a toggle switch, and hiding the actual<input>
checkbox by positioning it offscreen. When clicking the label associated with the<input>
element, it sets the<input>
checkbox into the:checked
state.
- The
for
attribute associates the<label>
with the appropriate<input>
checkbox element by itsid
. .switch::after
defines a pseudo-element for the<label>
to create the circular knob.input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch::after
targets the<label>
's pseudo-element's style when the checkbox ischecked
.transform: translateX(20px)
moves the pseudo-element (knob) 20px to the right when the checkbox ischecked
.background-color: #7983ff;
sets the background-color of the switch to a different color when the checkbox ischecked
..offscreen
moves the<input>
checkbox element, which does not comprise any part of the actual toggle switch, out of the flow of document and positions it far away from the view, but does not hide it so it is accessible via keyboard and screen readers.transition: all 0.3s
specifies all property changes will be transitioned over 0.3 seconds, therefore transitioning the<label>
'sbackground-color
and the pseudo-element'stransform
property when the checkbox is checked.
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Sets a transform on the parent element and de-transforms the child elements, so they are not affected by the transform. This allows for some neat effects such as skewed buttons.
<div class="parent"><div class="child">Child content</div></div>
:root {
--transform: 10deg;
}
.parent {
transform: skewX(var(--transform));
padding: 1rem;
border: 1px solid;
display: inline-block;
}
.child {
transform: skewX(calc(-1 * var(--transform)));
}
-
--transform: 10deg
sets a CSS variable we can later use to prevent duplicate code. -
calc(-1 * var(--transform))
on the child element negates the transform from the parent. -
Note: the
display
property of the child element may not beinline
, otherwise the transform will be ignored (see also).
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Creates a triangle shape with pure CSS.
<div class="triangle"></div>
.triangle {
width: 0;
height: 0;
border-top: 20px solid #333;
border-left: 20px solid transparent;
border-right: 20px solid transparent;
}
- View this link for a detailed explanation.
- The color of the border is the color of the triangle. The side the triangle tip points corresponds to the opposite
border-*
property. For example, a color onborder-top
means the arrow points downward. - Experiment with the
px
values to change the proportion of the triangle.
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Creates a striped list with alternating background colors, which is useful for differentiating siblings that have content spread across a wide row.
<ul>
<li>Item 01</li>
<li>Item 02</li>
<li>Item 03</li>
<li>Item 04</li>
<li>Item 05</li>
</ul>
li:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #ddd;
}
- Use the
:nth-child(odd)
or:nth-child(even)
pseudo-class to apply a different background color to elements that match based on their position in a group of siblings. - Note that you can use it to apply different styles to other HTML elements like div, tr, p, ol, etc.
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https://caniuse.com/#feat=css-sel3
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