ractor

Pronounced rak-ter

A pure-Rust actor framework. Inspired from Erlang's gen_server, with the speed + performance of Rust!

ractor:
ractor_cluster:

Updates

Website: Ractor has a companion website for more detailed getting-started guides along with some best practices and is updated regularly. Api docs will still be available at docs.rs however this will be a supplimentary site for ractor. Try it out! https://slawlor.github.io/ractor/
RustConf'24 Ractor was a key part of a presentation at RustConf'24. It's used as the basis for Meta's Rust thrift overload protection scheme. The presentation's slides are available here.

About

ractor tries to solve the problem of building and maintaining an Erlang-like actor framework in Rust. It gives a set of generic primitives and helps automate the supervision tree and management of our actors along with the traditional actor message processing logic. It was originally designed to use the tokio runtime, however does now support the async-std runtime.

ractor is a modern actor framework written in 100% Rust.

Additionally ractor has a companion library, ractor_cluster which is needed for ractor to be deployed in a distributed (cluster-like) scenario. ractor_cluster shouldn't be considered production ready, but it is relatively stable and we'd love your feedback!

Why ractor?

There are other actor frameworks written in Rust (Actix, riker, or just actors in Tokio) plus a bunch of others like this list compiled on this Reddit post.

Ractor tries to be different by modelling more on a pure Erlang gen_server. This means that each actor can also simply be a supervisor to other actors with no additional cost (simply link them together!). Additionally we're aiming to maintain close logic with Erlang's patterns, as they work quite well and are well utilized in the industry.

Additionally we wrote ractor without building on some kind of "Runtime" or "System" which needs to be spawned. Actors can be run independently, in conjunction with other basic tokio runtimes with little additional overhead.

We currently have full support for:

Single-threaded message processing
Actor supervision tree
Remote procedure calls to actors in the rpc module
Timers in the time module
Named actor registry (registry module) from Erlang's Registered processes
Process groups (ractor::pg module) from Erlang's pg module

On our roadmap is to add more of the Erlang functionality including potentially a distributed actor cluster.

Performance

Actors in ractor are generally quite lightweight and there are benchmarks which you are welcome to run on your own host system with:

cargo bench -p ractor

Further performance improvements are being tracked in #262

Installation

Install ractor by adding the following to your Cargo.toml dependencies.

[dependencies]
ractor = "0.13"

The minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) of ractor is 1.64. However to utilize the native async fn support in traits and not rely on the async-trait crate's desugaring functionliaty, you need to be on Rust version >= 1.75. The stabilization of async fn in traits was recently added.

Features

ractor exposes the following features:

cluster, which exposes various functionality required for ractor_cluster to set up and manage a cluster of actors over a network link. This is work-in-progress and is being tracked in #16.
async-std, which enables usage of async-std's asynchronous runtime instead of the tokio runtime. However tokio with the sync feature remains a dependency because we utilize the messaging synchronization primatives from tokio regardless of runtime as they are not specific to the tokio runtime. This work is tracked in #173. You can remove default features to "minimize" the tokio dependencies to just the synchronization primatives.

Working with Actors

Actors in ractor are very lightweight and can be treated as thread-safe. Each actor will only call one of its handler functions at a time, and they will never be executed in parallel. Following the actor model leads to microservices with well-defined state and processing logic.

An example ping-pong actor might be the following

use ractor::{async_trait, cast, Actor, ActorProcessingErr, ActorRef};

/// [PingPong] is a basic actor that will print
/// ping..pong.. repeatedly until some exit
/// condition is met (a counter hits 10). Then
/// it will exit
pub struct PingPong;

/// This is the types of message [PingPong] supports
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Message {
    Ping,
    Pong,
}

impl Message {
    // retrieve the next message in the sequence
    fn next(&self) -> Self {
        match self {
            Self::Ping => Self::Pong,
            Self::Pong => Self::Ping,
        }
    }
    // print out this message
    fn print(&self) {
        match self {
            Self::Ping => print!("ping.."),
            Self::Pong => print!("pong.."),
        }
    }
}

#[async_trait]
// the implementation of our actor's "logic"
impl Actor for PingPong {
    // An actor has a message type
    type Msg = Message;
    // and (optionally) internal state
    type State = u8;
    // Startup initialization args
    type Arguments = ();

    // Initially we need to create our state, and potentially
    // start some internal processing (by posting a message for
    // example)
    async fn pre_start(
        &self,
        myself: ActorRef<Self::Msg>,
        _: (),
    ) -> Result<Self::State, ActorProcessingErr> {
        // startup the event processing
        cast!(myself, Message::Ping)?;
        // create the initial state
        Ok(0u8)
    }

    // This is our main message handler
    async fn handle(
        &self,
        myself: ActorRef<Self::Msg>,
        message: Self::Msg,
        state: &mut Self::State,
    ) -> Result<(), ActorProcessingErr> {
        if *state < 10u8 {
            message.print();
            cast!(myself, message.next())?;
            *state += 1;
        } else {
            println!();
            myself.stop(None);
            // don't send another message, rather stop the agent after 10 iterations
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let (_actor, handle) = Actor::spawn(None, PingPong, ())
        .await
        .expect("Failed to start ping-pong actor");
    handle
        .await
        .expect("Ping-pong actor failed to exit properly");
}

which will output

$ cargo run
ping..pong..ping..pong..ping..pong..ping..pong..ping..pong..
$

Messaging actors

The means of communication between actors is that they pass messages to each other. A developer can define any message type which is Send + 'static and it will be supported by ractor. There are 4 concurrent message types, which are listened to in priority. They are

Signals: Signals are the highest-priority of all and will interrupt the actor wherever processing currently is (this includes terminating async work). There is only 1 signal today, which is Signal::Kill, and it immediately terminates all work. This includes message processing or supervision event processing.
Stop: There is also the pre-defined stop signal. You can give a "stop reason" if you want, but it's optional. Stop is a graceful exit, meaning currently executing async work will complete, and on the next message processing iteration Stop will take priority over future supervision events or regular messages. It will not terminate currently executing work, regardless of the provided reason.
SupervisionEvent: Supervision events are messages from child actors to their supervisors in the event of their startup, death, and/or unhandled panic. Supervision events are how an actor's supervisor(parent) or peer monitors are notified of events of their children/peers and can handle lifetime events for them. If you set panic = 'abort' in your Cargo.toml, panics will start cause program termination and not be caught in the supervision flow.
Messages: Regular, user-defined, messages are the last channel of communication to actors. They are the lowest priority of the 4 message types and denote general actor work. The first 3 messages types (signals, stop, supervision) are generally quiet unless it's a lifecycle event for the actor, but this channel is the "work" channel doing what your actor wants to do!

Ractor in distributed clusters

Ractor actors can also be used to build a distributed pool of actors, similar to Erlang's EPMD which manages inter-node connections + node naming. In our implementation, we have ractor_cluster in order to facilitate distributed ractor actors.

ractor_cluster has a single main type in it, namely the NodeServer which represents a host of a node() process. It additionally has some macros and a procedural macros to facilitate developer efficiency when building distributed actors. The NodeServer is responsible for

Managing all incoming and outgoing NodeSession actors which represent a remote node connected to this host.
Managing the TcpListener which hosts the server socket to accept incoming session requests.

The bulk of the logic for node interconnections however is held in the NodeSession which manages

The underlying TCP connection managing reading and writing to the stream.
The authentication between this node and the connection to the peer
Managing actor lifecycle for actors spawned on the remote system.
Transmitting all inter-actor messages between nodes.
Managing PG group synchronization

etc..

The NodeSession makes local actors available on a remote system by spawning RemoteActors which are essentially untyped actors that only handle serialized messages, leaving message deserialization up to the originating system. It also keeps track of pending RPC requests, to match request to response upon reply. There are special extension points in ractor which are added to specifically support RemoteActors that aren't generally meant to be used outside of the standard

Actor::spawn(Some("name".to_string()), MyActor).await

pattern.

Designing remote-supported actors

Note not all actors are created equal. Actors need to support having their message types sent over the network link. This is done by overriding specific methods of the ractor::Message trait all messages need to support. Due to the lack of specialization support in Rust, if you choose to use ractor_cluster you'll need to derive the ractor::Message trait for all message types in your crate. However to support this, we have a few procedural macros to make this a more painless process

Deriving the basic Message trait for in-process only actors

Many actors are going to be local-only and have no need sending messages over the network link. This is the most basic scenario and in this case the default ractor::Message trait implementation is fine. You can derive it quickly with:

use ractor_cluster::RactorMessage;
use ractor::RpcReplyPort;

#[derive(RactorMessage)]
enum MyBasicMessageType {
    Cast1(String, u64),
    Call1(u8, i64, RpcReplyPort<Vec<String>>),
}

This will implement the default ractor::Message trait for you without you having to write it out by hand.

Deriving the network serializable message trait for remote actors

If you want your actor to support remoting, then you should use a different derive statement, namely:

use ractor_cluster::RactorClusterMessage;
use ractor::RpcReplyPort;

#[derive(RactorClusterMessage)]
enum MyBasicMessageType {
    Cast1(String, u64),
    #[rpc]
    Call1(u8, i64, RpcReplyPort<Vec<String>>),
}

which adds a significant amount of underlying boilerplate (take a look yourself with cargo expand) for the implementation. But the short answer is, each enum variant needs to serialize to a byte array of arguments, a variant name, and if it's an RPC give a port that receives a byte array and de-serialize the reply back. Each of the types inside of either the arguments or reply type need to implement the ractor_cluster::BytesConvertable trait which just says this value can be written to a byte array and decoded from a byte array. If you're using prost for your message type definitions (protobuf), we have a macro to auto-implement this for your types.

ractor_cluster::derive_serialization_for_prost_type! {MyProtobufType}

Besides that, just write your actor as you would. The actor itself will live where you define it and will be capable of receiving messages sent over the network link from other clusters!

Differences between an actor's "state" and `self`

Actors can (but don't need to!) have internal state. In order to facilitate this ractor gives implementors of the Actor trait the ability to define the state type for an actor. The actor's pre_start routine is what initializes and sets up this state. You can imagine doing things like

Opening a network socket + storing the TcpListener in the state
Setting up a database connection + authenticating to the DB
Initializing basic state variables (counters, stats, whatever)

Because of this and the possibility that some of these operations are fallible, pre_start captures panic's in the method during the initialization and returns them to the caller of Actor::spawn.

When designing ractor, we made the explicit decision to make a separate state type for an actor, rather than passing around a mutable self reference. The reason for this is that if we were to use a &mut self reference, creation + instantiation of the Self struct would be outside of the actor's specification (i.e. not in pre_start) and the safety it gives would be potentially lost, causing potential crashes in the caller when it maybe shouldn't.

Lastly is that we would need to change some of the ownership properties that ractor is currently based on to pass an owned self in each call, returning a Self reference which seems clunky in this context.

In the current realization an actor's self is passed as a read-only reference which shouldn't ideally contain state information, but could contain configuration / startup information if you want. However there is also Arguments to each Actor which allows passing owned values to the state of an actor. In an ideal world, all actor structs would be empty with no stored values.

Contributors

The original author of ractor is Sean Lawlor (@slawlor). To learn more about contributing to ractor please see CONTRIBUTING.md.

License

This project is licensed under MIT.

slawlor/ractor