This is an alpine based docker image with AWS CLI installed.
If you are running it on an EC2 instance, you can do it without configuring the AWS CLI, provided that the role of the instance has permision to execute the AWS CLI command
docker run -it stakater/aws-cli aws ec2 describe-instances --region us-west-2
If you are running it from somewhere else, you'll need to configure AWS CLI, for that, you can configure it on the host machine and map the ~/.aws directory inside the container
docker run -it -v /home/stakater/.aws:/root/.aws stakater/aws-cli aws ec2 describe-instances --region us-west-2
In case you want to download something from AWS and make it available on the host machine as well, you can map the working directory of the container on the host machine.
docker run -it -v /home/stakater/Downloads/awscli_downloads:/aws stakater/aws-cli aws s3 cp http://myS3Bucket/myFile .