This repository contains data and analysis code to reproduce results from the article "Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment".
Links to the article:
- Discussion Paper (March 2024)
- Publication in Management Science (May 2024)
R scripts to reproduce all analyses from the article can be found in the /R folder. The script functions.R is a helper script with customized R functions imported into the main analysis script analysis.R. The latter script outputs some simple computational results into the console on the fly, but also exports multiple tables and figures into the folders /latextables and /figures.
In the /data folder, the file candidates.xlsx contains data from the first experiment (the job candidate assessment). The file hiring.xlsx contains data from the second experiment (hiring experiment). The tables below explain all variables.
| Column name | Description |
|---|---|
| sessionid | Session number |
| participant | Unique participant identifier |
| time_started | Starting date and time of experiment for participant |
| generalknowledge | Total score in the knowledge task |
| wordpuzzles | Total score in the word task |
| matrices | Total score in the logic task |
| age | Participant's age (years) |
| gen | Participant's gender (1 = female, 2 = male) |
| stud | Participant's university study program |
| estimate_matrices | Belief about performance of male participants in logic task (% won by male vs. female participant) |
| belief_matrices | Belief about others' belief about performance of male participants in logic task (average % won by male vs. female participant) |
| payofftotal | Participant's total realized payoff including show-up fee (Euro) |
| Column name | Description |
|---|---|
| participant | Unique participant identifier |
| date | Date of experiment |
| sessionid | Session number |
| treatapp1_choice | Randomized treatment with respect to complex decision (1 = TfW, 2 = TfK) |
| dec[1-9] | Initial choice in the respective decision (1 = male candidate, 0 = female candidate; in the certificate decisions, 1 = knowledge candidate, 0 = word candidate) |
| indif[1-9] | Choice whether to sell the respective decision (1 = yes, 0 = no) |
| frame[1-9] | Placement of male candidate (in the certificate decisions, of knowledge candidate) as candidate A or candidate B on the screen |
| position[1-9] | Position in the decision sequence at which the respective decision was presented to the participant |
| scaleknow | Informativeness rating of knowledge certificate for job task (1-5) |
| scaleword | Informativeness rating of word certificate for job task (1-5) |
| knowoffer1 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.1 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer2 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.2 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer3 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.3 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer4 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.4 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer5 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.5 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer6 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.6 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer7 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.7 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer8 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.8 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer9 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 0.9 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| knowoffer10 | Price list offer for the knowledge certificate 1.0 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer1 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.1 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer2 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.2 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer3 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.3 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer4 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.4 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer5 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.5 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer6 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.6 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer7 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.7 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer8 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.8 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer9 | Price list offer for the word certificate 0.9 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| wordoffer10 | Price list offer for the word certificate 1.0 Euro (1 = accepted, 0 = declined) |
| age | Participant's age (years) |
| gender | Participant's gender (1 = female, 2 = male) |
| study | Participant's university study program as free text |
| totalpayoff | Participant's total realized payoff including show-up fee (Euro) |
| study_coded | Participant's university study program coded into broad categories (econ = Economics/Business, stem = STEM, other = all other programs) |
In the folder /oTree, oTree program files are deposited that were used to run the experimental sessions. The folder oTree/stimuli contains the program for the job candidate assessment (Experiment 1). The folders oTree/hiring_cluster1, oTree/hiring_cluster2, oTree/hiring_cluster3 and oTree/hiring_cluster4 contain the programs which, in this sequence, were used for the hiring experiment (Experiment 2).