cheat.sh: A Python repository from sullivant

Unified access to the best community driven cheat sheets repositories of the world.

Let's imagine for a moment that there is such a thing as an ideal cheat sheet. What should it look like? What features should it have?

Concise — It should only contain the things you need, and nothing else.
Fast — It should be possible to use it instantly.
Comprehensive — It should contain answers for every possible question.
Universal — It should be available everywhere, anytime, without any preparations.
Unobtrusive — It should not distract you from your main task.
Tutoring — It should help you to learn the subject.
Inconspicuous — It should be possible to use it completely unnoticed.

Such a thing exists.

Features

cheat.sh

Has a simple curl/browser interface.
Covers 56 programming languages, several DBMSes, and more than 1000 most important UNIX/Linux commands.
Provides access to the best community driven cheat sheets repositories in the world, on par with StackOverflow.
Available everywhere, no installation needed.
Ultrafast, returns answers within 100 ms, as a rule.
Has a convenient command line client, cht.sh, that is very advantageous and helpful, though not mandatory.
Can be used directly from code editors, without opening a browser and not switching your mental context.
Supports a special stealth mode where it can be used fully invisibly without ever touching a key and and making sounds.

Features
Usage
Command line client, cht.sh
Self-Hosting
- Docker
Editors integration
Special pages
Search
Programming languages cheat sheets
Cheat sheets sources
How to contribute

Usage

To get a cheat sheet for a UNIX/Linux command from a command line, query the service using curl or any other HTTP/HTTPS client specifying the name of the command in the query:

    curl cheat.sh/tar
    curl cht.sh/curl
    curl https://cheat.sh/rsync
    curl https://cht.sh/tr

As you can see, you can use both HTTPS and HTTP to access the service, and both the long (cheat.sh) and the short (cht.sh) service names.

Here tar, curl, rsync, and tr are names of the UNIX/Linux commands you want to get cheat sheets for.

If you don't know the name of the command you need, you can search for it using the ~KEYWORD notation. For example, to see how you can make snapshots of a filesystem/volume/something else:

    curl cht.sh/~snapshot

The programming language cheat sheets are located in special namespaces dedicated to them.

    curl cht.sh/go/Pointers
    curl cht.sh/scala/Functions
    curl cht.sh/python/lambda

To get the list of available programming language cheat sheets, use the special query :list:

    curl cht.sh/go/:list

Almost each programming language has a special page named :learn that describes the language basics (that's a direct mapping from the "Learn X in Y" project). It could be a good starting point if you've just started learning a language.

If there is no cheat sheet for a programming language query (and it is almost always the case), it is generated on the fly, based on available cheat sheets and answers on StackOverflow. Of course, there is no guarantee that the returned cheat sheet will be a 100% hit, but it is almost always exactly what you are looking for.

Try these (and your own) queries to get the impression of that, what the answers look like:

    curl cht.sh/go/reverse+a+list
    curl cht.sh/python/random+list+elements
    curl cht.sh/js/parse+json
    curl cht.sh/lua/merge+tables
    curl cht.sh/clojure/variadic+function

If you don't like an answer for your queries, you can pick another one. For that, repeat the query with an additional parameter /1, /2 etc. appended:

    curl cht.sh/python/random+string
    curl cht.sh/python/random+string/1
    curl cht.sh/python/random+string/2

Cheat sheets are formatted as code of the queried programming language (at least we are trying our best to do so) so they can be pasted into a program in this language directly. Text comments, if there are any, are formatted according to the language syntax.

    $ curl cht.sh/lua/table+keys
    -- lua: retrieve list of keys in a table

    local keyset={}
    local n=0

    for k,v in pairs(tab) do
      n=n+1
      keyset[n]=k
    end

    --[[
       [ Note that you cannot guarantee any order in keyset. If you want the
       [ keys in sorted order, then sort keyset with table.sort(keyset).
       [ 
       [ [lhf] [so/q/12674345] [cc by-sa 3.0]
       ]]

If you don't need text comments in the answer, you can eliminate them using a special option ?Q:

    $ curl cht.sh/lua/table+keys?Q
    local keyset={}
    local n=0

    for k,v in pairs(tab) do
      n=n+1
      keyset[n]=k
    end

And if you don't need syntax highlighting, switch it off using ?T. You can combine the options together:

    curl cht.sh/go/reverse+a+list?Q
    curl cht.sh/python/random+list+elements?Q
    curl cht.sh/js/parse+json?Q
    curl cht.sh/lua/merge+tables?QT
    curl cht.sh/clojure/variadic+function?QT

Full list of all options described below and in /:help.

Try your own queries. Follow these rules:

Try to be more specific (/python/append+file is better than /python/file and /python/append).
Ask practical question if possible (yet theoretical question are possible too).
Ask programming language questions only; specify the name of the programming language as the section name.
Separate words with + instead of spaces.
Do not use special characters, they are ignored anyway.
If you want to eliminate cheat sheets containing some word, add it to the query with +-: python/multiply+matrices+-numpy

Read more about the programming languages queries below.

Command line client, cht.sh

The cheat.sh service has its own command line client (cht.sh) that has several useful features compared to querying the service directly with curl:

Special shell mode with a persistent queries context and readline support.
Queries history.
Clipboard integration.
Tab completion support for shells (bash, fish, zsh).
Stealth mode.

Installation

To install the client:

    mkdir -p ~/bin/
    curl https://cht.sh/:cht.sh > ~/bin/cht.sh
    chmod +x ~/bin/cht.sh

or to install it globally (for all users):

    curl https://cht.sh/:cht.sh | sudo tee /usr/local/bin/cht.sh
    chmod +x /usr/local/bin/cht.sh

Note: The package "rlwrap" is a required dependency to run in shell mode. Install this using sudo apt install rlwrap

Client usage

Now, you can use cht.sh instead of curl, and write your queries in more natural way, with spaces instead of +:

    $ cht.sh go reverse a list
    $ cht.sh python random list elements
    $ cht.sh js parse json

It is even more convenient to start the client in a special shell mode:

    $ cht.sh --shell
    cht.sh> go reverse a list

If all your queries are about the same language, you can change the context and spare repeating the programming language name:

    $ cht.sh --shell
    cht.sh> cd go
    cht.sh/go> reverse a list

or even start the client in this context:

    $ cht.sh --shell go
    cht.sh/go> reverse a list
    ...
    cht.sh/go> join a list
    ...

If you want to change the context, you can do it with the cd command, or if you want do a single query for some other language, just prepend it with /:

    $ cht.sh --shell go
    ...
    cht.sh/go> /python dictionary comprehension
    ...

If you want to copy the last answer into the clipboard, you can use the c (copy) command, or C (ccopy, without comments).

    cht.sh/python> append file
    #  python - How do you append to a file?

    with open("test.txt", "a") as myfile:
        myfile.write("appended text")
    cht.sh/python> C
    copy: 2 lines copied to the selection

Type help for other internal cht.sh commands.

	cht.sh> help
	help    - show this help
	hush    - do not show the 'help' string at start anymore
	cd LANG - change the language context
	copy    - copy the last answer in the clipboard (aliases: yank, y, c)
	ccopy   - copy the last answer w/o comments (cut comments; aliases: cc, Y, C)
	exit    - exit the cheat shell (aliases: quit, ^D)
	id [ID] - set/show an unique session id ("reset" to reset, "remove" to remove)
	stealth - stealth mode (automatic queries for selected text)
	update  - self update (only if the scriptfile is writeable)
	version - show current cht.sh version
	/:help  - service help
	QUERY   - space separated query staring (examples are below)
				  cht.sh> python zip list
				  cht.sh/python> zip list
				  cht.sh/go> /python zip list

The cht.sh client has its configuration file which is located at ~/.cht.sh/cht.sh.conf (location of the file can be overriden by the environment variable CHTSH_CONF). Use it to specify query options that you would use with each query. For example, to switch syntax highlighting off create the file with the following content:

CHTSH_QUERY_OPTIONS="T"

Or if you want to use a special syntax highlighting theme:

CHTSH_QUERY_OPTIONS="style=native"

(curl cht.sh/:styles-demo to see all supported styles).

Other cht.sh configuration parameters:

CHTSH_CURL_OPTIONS="-A curl"        # curl options used for cht.sh queries
CHTSH_URL=https://cht.sh            # URL of the cheat.sh server

Tab completion

Bash Tab completion

To activate tab completion support for cht.sh, add the :bash_completion script to your ~/.bashrc:

    $ curl https://cheat.sh/:bash_completion > ~/.bash.d/cht.sh
    $ . ~/.bash.d/cht.sh
    $ # and add . ~/.bash.d/cht.sh to ~/.bashrc

ZSH Tab completion

To activate tab completion support for cht.sh, add the :zsh script to the fpath in your ~/.zshrc:

    $ curl https://cheat.sh/:zsh > ~/.zsh.d/_cht
    $ echo 'fpath=(~/.zsh.d/ $fpath)' >> ~/.zshrc
    $ # Open a new shell to load the plugin

Stealth mode

Being used fully unnoticed is one of the most important property of any cheat sheet.

cheat.sh can be used completely unnoticed too. The cheat.sh client, cht.sh, has a special mode, called stealth mode. Using that, you don't even need to touch your keyboard to open a cheat sheet.

In this mode, as soon as you select some text with the mouse (and thus adding it into the selection buffer of X Window System or into the clipboard) it's used as a query string for cheat.sh, and the correspondent cheat sheet is automatically shown.

Let's imagine, that you are having an online interview, where your interviewer asks you some questions using a shared document (say Google Docs) and you are supposed to write your coding answers there (it's possible too that you'll type in the questions on your own, just to show to the interviewer that you've heard it right).

When using the stealth mode of cht.sh, the only thing you need to do in order to see a cheat sheet for some question, is to select the question using the mouse. If you don't want any text in the answers and the only thing you need is code, use the Q option when starting the stealth mode.

You: Hi!                                            | $ cht.sh --shell python
She: Hi!                                            | cht.sh/python> stealth Q
She: Are you ready for a small interview?           | stealth: you are in the stealth mode; select any text
She: Just a couple of questions                     | stealth: selections longer than 5 words are ignored
She: We will talk about python                      | stealth: query arguments: ?Q
She: Let's start from something simple.             | stealth: use ^C to leave this mode
She: Do you know how to reverse a list in python?   |
You: Sure                                           |
You: (selecting "reverse a list")                   | stealth: reverse a list
                                                    | reverse_lst = lst[::-1]
You: lst[::-1]?                                     |
She: Good.                                          |
She: Do you know how to chain a list of lists?      |
You: (selecting "chain a list of lists")            | stealth: chain a list of lists
                                                    | import itertools
                                                    | a = [["a","b"], ["c"]]
                                                    | print list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a))
You: May I use external modules?                    |
She: What module do you want to use?                |
You: itertools                                      |
She: Yes, you may use it                            |
You: Ok, then:                                      |
You: itertools.chain.from_iterable(a)               |
She: Good. Let's try something harder.              |
She: What about quicksort implementation?           |
You: (selecting "quicksort implementation")         | stealth: quicksort implementation
You: Let me think about it.                         | (some big and clumsy lowlevel implementation shown)
You: Well...(starting typing it in)                 | def sort(array=[12,4,5,6,7,3,1,15]):
                                                    |     less = []
She: (seeing your ugly pascal style)                |     equal = []
She: Could you write it more concise?               |     greater = []
                                                    |     if len(array) > 1:
You: What do you mean?                              |         pivot = array[0]
                                                    |         for x in array:
She: I mean,                                        |             if x < pivot: less.append(x)
She: do you really need all these ifs and fors?     |             if x == pivot: equal.append(x)
She: Could you maybe just use filter instead?       |             if x > pivot: greater.append(x)
                                                    |         return sort(less)+equal+sort(greater)
You: quicksort with filter?                         |     else:
                                                    |         return array
She: Yes                                            |
You: (selecting "quicksort with filter")            | stealth: quicksort with filter
You: Ok, I will try.                                | return qsort(filter(lt, L[1:]))+[pivot] \
You: Something like this?                           |     +qsort(filter(ge, L[1:]))
You: qsort(filter(lt, L[1:]))+[pivot] \             |
       + qsort(filter(ge, L[1:]))                   |
                                                    |
She: Yes! Perfect! Exactly what I wanted to see!    |
                                                    |

Of course, this is just for fun, and you should never cheat in your coding interviews, because you know what happens when you do.

Windows command line client

You can access cheat.sh from Windows command line too.

Use cheat.sh command line client for that: cht.exe. It supports:

output colorization;
command line options;
its own configuration file.

You can also use scoop command-line installer for Windows to get it:

scoop install cht

Self-Hosting

Docker

Currently, the easiest way to get a self-hosted instance running is by using the docker-compose.yml file provided in the extra/docker folder. This pulls down the latest image with baked in cheatsheets and starts the app and a Redis instance to back it, making the service available on port 8002 of the local host. This is currently an early implementation and should probably not be used for anything outside of internal/dev/personal use right now.

Editors integration

You can use cheat.sh directly from the editor (Emacs, Sublime, Vim, and Visual Studio Code are currently supported; not all features are supported by all plugins though; see below). Instead of opening your browser, googling, browsing Stack Overflow and eventually copying the code snippets you need into the clipboard and later pasting them into the editor, you can achieve the same instantly and without leaving the editor at all!

Here is what it looks like in Vim:

If you have a question while editing a program, you can just type your question directly in the buffer and press <leader>KK. You will get the answer to your question in pager. (with <leader>KB you'll get the answer in a separate buffer).
If you like the answer, you can manually paste it from the buffer or the pager, or if you are lazy you can use <leader>KP to paste it below/under your question (or replace you question using <leader>KR). If you want the answer without the comments, <leader>KC replays the last query toggling them.

If you use some static analysis plugin such as syntastic (for Vim), you can use its warning and error messages as cheat.sh queries: place the cursor on the problem line and press <leader>KE: explanation for the warning will be opened in a new buffer.

Features supported by cheat.sh plugins for different editors:

Feature	Emacs	Sublime	Vim	VSCode	IDEA
Command queries	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Queries from buffer			✓	✓
Toggle comments			✓	✓	✓
Prev/next answer			✓	✓	✓
Multiple answers		✓			✓
Warnings as queries			✓
Queries history			✓	✓
Session id			✓
Configurable server	✓		✓	✓

Vim

cheat.sh-vim — Vim support

Here is Vim configuration example:

" some configuration above ...

let mapleader=" "

call vundle#begin()
Bundle 'gmarik/vundle'
Bundle 'scrooloose/syntastic'
Bundle 'dbeniamine/cheat.sh-vim'
call vundle#end()

let g:syntastic_javascript_checkers = [ 'jshint' ]
let g:syntastic_ocaml_checkers = ['merlin']
let g:syntastic_python_checkers = ['pylint']
let g:syntastic_shell_checkers = ['shellcheck']

" some configuration below ...

In this example, several Vim plugins are used:

gmarik/vundle — Vim plugin manager
scrooloose/syntastic — Syntax checking plugin
cheat.sh-vim — Vim support

Syntastic shows warnings and errors (found by code analysis tools: jshint, merlin, pylint, shellcheckt etc.), and cheat.sh-vim` shows you explanations for the errors and warnings and answers on programming languages queries written in the editor.

Watch a demo, where the most important features of the cheat.sh Vim plugin are shown (5 Min):

Or, if you want to scroll and/or pause, the same on YouTube:

Emacs

cheat-sh.el — Emacs support (available also at cheat.sh/:emacs)
cheat.sh/:emacs-ivy — Emacs support for ivy users

Visual Studio Code

vscode-snippet
Install it from VSCode Marketplace

Usage:

Hit ⌘ Command + ⇧ Shift + p
Run Snippet: Find.
Type your query and hit enter.

(GIF courtesy: Matthias Endler, @mre)

Sublime

cheat.sh-sublime-plugin

Usage:

Write your query string.
Select the query string.
Press Cmd + ⇧ Shift + B to replace the selected query string by the answer generated from cht.sh.

(GIF courtesy: Gaurav Kukreja, @gauravk-in)

IntelliJ IDEA

idea-cheatsh-plugin
Install from idea plugins marketplace

Usage:

Write query string
Select the query string
Press keyboard shortcut Alt + C , S to replace the selected query string by the answer

(GIF courtesy: Szymon Przebierowski, @szymonprz)

Special pages

There are several special pages that are not cheat sheets. Their names start with colon and have special meaning.

Getting started:

    :help               description of all special pages and options
    :intro              cheat.sh introduction, covering the most important usage questions
    :list               list all cheat sheets (can be used in a subsection too: /go/:list)

Command line client cht.sh and shells support:

    :cht.sh             code of the cht.sh client
    :bash_completion    bash function for tab completion
    :bash               bash function and tab completion setup
    :fish               fish function and tab completion setup
    :zsh                zsh function and tab completion setup

Editors support:

    :vim                cheat.sh support for Vim
    :emacs              cheat.sh function for Emacs
    :emacs-ivy          cheat.sh function for Emacs (uses ivy)

Other pages:

    :post               how to post new cheat sheet
    :styles             list of color styles
    :styles-demo        show color styles usage examples

Search

To search for a keyword, use the query:

    /~keyword

In this case search is not recursive — it is conducted only in a page of the specified level. For example:

    /~snapshot          look for snapshot in the first level cheat sheets
    /scala/~currying     look for currying in scala cheat sheets

For a recursive search in all cheat sheets, use double slash:

    /~snapshot/r         look for snapshot in all cheat sheets

You can use special search options after the closing slash:

    /~shot/bi           case insensitive (i), word boundaries (b)

List of search options:

    i   case insensitive search
    b   word boundaries
    r   recursive search

Programming languages cheat sheets

Cheat sheets related to programming languages are organized in namespaces (subdirectories), that are named according to the programming language.

For each supported programming language there are several special cheat sheets: its own sheet, hello, :list and :learn. Say for lua it will look like:

    lua
    lua/hello
    lua/:list
    lua/:learn

Some languages has the one-liners-cheat sheet, 1line:

    perl/1line

hello describes how you can start with the language — install it if needed, build and run its programs, and it shows the "Hello world" program written in the language;
:list shows all topics related to the language
:learn shows a learn-x-in-minutes language cheat sheet perfect for getting started with the language.
1line is a collection of one-liners in this language
weirdness is a collection of examples of weird things in this language

At the moment, cheat.sh covers the 57 following programming languages (alphabetically sorted):

Prefix	Language	Basics	One-liners	Weirdness	StackOverflow
`arduino/`	Arduino				✓
`assembly/`	Assembly				✓
`awk/`	AWK	✓			✓
`bash/`	Bash	✓			✓
`basic/`	BASIC				✓
`bf/`	Brainfuck	✓			✓
`c/`	C	✓			✓
`chapel/`	Chapel	✓			✓
`clean/`	Clean				✓
`clojure/`	Clojure	✓			✓
`coffee/`	CoffeeScript	✓			✓
`cpp/`	C++	✓			✓
`csharp/`	C#	✓			✓
`d/`	D	✓			✓
`dart/`	Dart	✓			✓
`delphi/`	Dephi				✓
`dylan/`	Dylan	✓			✓
`eiffel/`	Eiffel				✓
`elixir/`	Elixir	✓			✓
`elisp/`	ELisp	✓			✓
`elm/`	Elm	✓			✓
`erlang/`	Erlang	✓			✓
`factor/`	Factor	✓			✓
`fortran/`	Fortran	✓			✓
`forth/`	Forth	✓			✓
`fsharp/`	F#	✓			✓
`go/`	Go	✓			✓
`groovy/`	Groovy	✓			✓
`haskell/`	Haskell	✓			✓
`java/`	Java	✓			✓
`js/`	JavaScript	✓	✓	✓	✓
`julia/`	Julia	✓			✓
`kotlin/`	Kotlin	✓			✓
`lisp/`	Lisp	✓			✓
`lua/`	Lua	✓			✓
`matlab/`	MATLAB	✓			✓
`ocaml/`	OCaml	✓			✓
`octave/`	Octave	✓			✓
`perl/`	Perl	✓	✓		✓
`perl6/`	Perl 6	✓	✓		✓
`php/`	PHP	✓			✓
`pike/`	Pike				✓
`python/`	Python	✓	✓		✓
`python3/`	Python 3	✓			✓
`r/`	R	✓			✓
`racket/`	Racket	✓			✓
`ruby/`	Ruby	✓			✓
`rust/`	Rust	✓			✓
`scala/`	Scala	✓			✓
`scheme/`	Scheme	✓			✓
`solidity/`	Solidity	✓			✓
`swift/`	Swift	✓			✓
`tcsh/`	Tcsh	✓			✓
`tcl/`	Tcl	✓			✓
`objective-c/`	Objective-C	✓			✓
`vb/`	VisualBasic	✓			✓
`vbnet/`	VB.Net	✓			✓

Cheat sheets sources

Instead of creating yet another mediocre cheat sheet repository, we are concentrating our efforts on creation of a unified mechanism to access selected existing well developed and good maintained cheat sheet repositories covering topics of our interest: programming and operating systems usage.

cheat.sh uses selected community driven cheat sheet repositories and information sources, maintained by thousands of users, developers and authors all over the world (in the Users column number of contributors/number of stars is shown):

Cheat sheets	Repository	Users	Creation Date
UNIX/Linux, programming	cheat.sheets	34/192	May 1, 2017
UNIX/Linux commands	tldr-pages/tldr	717/22130	Dec 8, 2013
UNIX/Linux commands	chrisallenlane/cheat	127/5010	Jul 28, 2013
Programming languages	adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs	1218/6068	Jun 23, 2013
Go	a8m/go-lang-cheat-sheet	32/3876	Feb 9, 2014
Perl	pkrumnis/perl1line.txt	5/187	Nov 4, 2011
Programming languages	StackOverflow	9M	Sep 15, 2008

Pie diagram reflecting cheat sheets sources distribution (by number of cheat sheets on cheat.sh originating from a repository):

How to contribute

How to edit a cheat sheet

If you want to edit a cheat.sh cheat sheet, you should edit it in the upstream repository. You will find the name of the source repository in a browser when you open a cheat sheet. There are two github buttons at the bottom of the page: the second one is the button of the repository, which belongs the current cheat sheet.

You can edit the cheat sheet directly in your browser (you need a github account for it). There is an edit button in the top right corner. If you click on it, an editor will be open. There you will change the cheat sheet (under the hood: the upstrem repository is forked, your changes are committed in the forked repository, a pull request to the upstream repository owner is sent).

How to add a cheat sheet

If you want to add a cheat sheet, you have one of the following ways:

Add it to one of the external cheat sheets repositories; you should decide on your own what is the best repository for your cheat sheet;
Add it to the local cheat.sh repository (cheat.sheets) on github (fork, commit, pull request);
Post it on cheat.sh using curl or a web browser (cheat.sh/:post).

If you want to change an existing cheat sheet, you have to find the original repository (when you open a cheat sheet in a browser, you see the repository's github button in the bottom of the cheat sheet), the cheat sheet is coming from, and change it there. After some time the changes will be synchronized on cheat.sh.

How to add a cheat sheet repository

If you want to add a cheat sheet repository to cheat.sh, please open an issue:

Add a new repository

Please specify the name of the repository, and give its short description.

sullivant/cheat.sh

Features

Contents

Usage

Command line client, cht.sh

Installation

Client usage

Tab completion

Bash Tab completion

ZSH Tab completion

Stealth mode

Windows command line client

Self-Hosting

Docker

Editors integration

Vim

Emacs

Visual Studio Code

Sublime

IntelliJ IDEA

Special pages

Search

Programming languages cheat sheets

Cheat sheets sources

How to contribute

How to edit a cheat sheet

How to add a cheat sheet

How to add a cheat sheet repository