/valkey-go

A fast Golang Valkey client that supports Client Side Caching and Auto Pipelining.

Primary LanguageGoApache License 2.0Apache-2.0

valkey-go

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A fast Golang Valkey client that does auto pipelining and supports server-assisted client-side caching.

Features

Getting Started

package main

import (
	"context"
	"github.com/valkey-io/valkey-go"
)

func main() {
	client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:6379"}})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	ctx := context.Background()
	// SET key val NX
	err = client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("key").Value("val").Nx().Build()).Error()
	// HGETALL hm
	hm, err := client.Do(ctx, client.B().Hgetall().Key("hm").Build()).AsStrMap()
}

Checkout more examples: Command Response Cheatsheet

Developer Friendly Command Builder

client.B() is the builder entrypoint to construct a valkey command:

Developer friendly command builder
Recorded by @FZambia Improving Centrifugo Redis Engine throughput and allocation efficiency with Rueidis Go library

Once a command is built, use either client.Do() or client.DoMulti() to send it to valkey.

You ❗️SHOULD NOT❗️ reuse the command to another client.Do() or client.DoMulti() call because it has been recycled to the underlying sync.Pool by default.

To reuse a command, use Pin() after Build() and it will prevent the command being recycled.

Pipelining

Auto Pipelining

All concurrent non-blocking valkey commands (such as GET, SET) are automatically pipelined, which reduces the overall round trips and system calls, and gets higher throughput. You can easily get the benefit of pipelining technique by just calling client.Do() from multiple goroutines concurrently. For example:

func BenchmarkPipelining(b *testing.B, client valkey.Client) {
	// the below client.Do() operations will be issued from
	// multiple goroutines and thus will be pipelined automatically.
	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
		for pb.Next() {
			client.Do(context.Background(), client.B().Get().Key("k").Build()).ToString()
		}
	})
}

Benchmark comparison with go-redis v9

Comparing to go-redis, valkey-go has higher throughput across 1, 8, and 64 parallelism settings.

It is even able to achieve ~14x throughput over go-redis in a local benchmark of Macbook Pro 16" M1 Pro 2021. (see parallelism(64)-key(16)-value(64)-10)

client_test_set

Benchmark source code: https://github.com/rueian/rueidis-benchmark

A benchmark result performed on two GCP n2-highcpu-2 machines also shows that valkey can achieve higher throughput with lower latencies: redis/rueidis#93

Manual Pipelining

Besides auto pipelining, you can also pipeline commands manually with DoMulti():

cmds := make(valkey.Commands, 0, 10)
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
    cmds = append(cmds, client.B().Set().Key("key").Value("value").Build())
}
for _, resp := range client.DoMulti(ctx, cmds...) {
    if err := resp.Error(); err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
}

Server-Assisted Client-Side Caching

The opt-in mode of server-assisted client-side caching is enabled by default, and can be used by calling DoCache() or DoMultiCache() with client-side TTLs specified.

client.DoCache(ctx, client.B().Hmget().Key("mk").Field("1", "2").Cache(), time.Minute).ToArray()
client.DoMultiCache(ctx,
    valkey.CT(client.B().Get().Key("k1").Cache(), 1*time.Minute),
    valkey.CT(client.B().Get().Key("k2").Cache(), 2*time.Minute))

Cached responses will be invalidated either when being notified by valkey servers or when their client side TTLs are reached.

Benchmark

Server-assisted client-side caching can dramatically boost latencies and throughput just like having a valkey replica right inside your application. For example:

client_test_get

Benchmark source code: https://github.com/rueian/rueidis-benchmark

Client Side Caching Helpers

Use CacheTTL() to check the remaining client side TTL in seconds:

client.DoCache(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("k1").Cache(), time.Minute).CacheTTL() == 60

Use IsCacheHit() to verify that if the response came from the client side memory:

client.DoCache(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("k1").Cache(), time.Minute).IsCacheHit() == true

If the OpenTelemetry is enabled by the valkeyotel.NewClient(option), then there are also two metrics instrumented:

  • valkey_do_cache_miss
  • valkey_do_cache_hits

MGET/JSON.MGET Client Side Caching Helpers

valkey.MGetCache and valkey.JsonMGetCache are handy helpers fetching multiple keys across different slots through the client side caching. They will first group keys by slot to build MGET or JSON.MGET commands respectively and then send requests with only cache missed keys to valkey nodes.

Broadcast Mode Client Side Caching

Although the default is opt-in mode, you can use broadcast mode by specifying your prefixes in ClientOption.ClientTrackingOptions:

client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{
	InitAddress:           []string{"127.0.0.1:6379"},
	ClientTrackingOptions: []string{"PREFIX", "prefix1:", "PREFIX", "prefix2:", "BCAST"},
})
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}
client.DoCache(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("prefix1:1").Cache(), time.Minute).IsCacheHit() == false
client.DoCache(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("prefix1:1").Cache(), time.Minute).IsCacheHit() == true

Please make sure that commands passed to DoCache() and DoMultiCache() are covered by your prefixes. Otherwise, their client-side cache will not be invalidated by valkey.

Client Side Caching with Cache Aside Pattern

Cache-Aside is a widely used caching strategy. valkeyaside can help you cache data into your client-side cache backed by Valkey. For example:

client, err := valkeyaside.NewClient(valkeyaside.ClientOption{
    ClientOption: valkey.ClientOption{InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:6379"}},
})
if err != nil {
    panic(err)
}
val, err := client.Get(context.Background(), time.Minute, "mykey", func(ctx context.Context, key string) (val string, err error) {
    if err = db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT val FROM mytab WHERE id = ?", key).Scan(&val); err == sql.ErrNoRows {
        val = "_nil_" // cache nil to avoid penetration.
        err = nil     // clear err in case of sql.ErrNoRows.
    }
    return
})
// ...

Please refer to the full example at valkeyaside.

Disable Client Side Caching

Some Valkey provider doesn't support client-side caching, ex. Google Cloud Memorystore. You can disable client-side caching by setting ClientOption.DisableCache to true. This will also fall back client.DoCache() and client.DoMultiCache() to client.Do() and client.DoMulti().

Context Cancellation

client.Do(), client.DoMulti(), client.DoCache() and client.DoMultiCache() can return early if the context is canceled or the deadline is reached.

ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
defer cancel()
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("key").Value("val").Nx().Build()).Error() == context.DeadlineExceeded

Please note that though operations can return early, the command is likely sent already.

Pub/Sub

To receive messages from channels, client.Receive() should be used. It supports SUBSCRIBE, PSUBSCRIBE and Valkey 7.0's SSUBSCRIBE:

err = client.Receive(context.Background(), client.B().Subscribe().Channel("ch1", "ch2").Build(), func(msg valkey.PubSubMessage) {
    // handle the msg
})

The provided handler will be called with received message.

It is important to note that client.Receive() will keep blocking until returning a value in the following cases:

  1. return nil when received any unsubscribe/punsubscribe message related to the provided subscribe command.
  2. return valkey.ErrClosing when the client is closed manually.
  3. return ctx.Err() when the ctx is done.
  4. return non-nil err when the provided subscribe command failed.

While the client.Receive() call is blocking, the Client is still able to accept other concurrent requests, and they are sharing the same tcp connection. If your message handler may take some time to complete, it is recommended to use the client.Receive() inside a client.Dedicated() for not blocking other concurrent requests.

Alternative PubSub Hooks

The client.Receive() requires users to provide a subscription command in advance. There is an alternative Dedicatedclient.SetPubSubHooks() allows users to subscribe/unsubscribe channels later.

c, cancel := client.Dedicate()
defer cancel()

wait := c.SetPubSubHooks(valkey.PubSubHooks{
	OnMessage: func(m valkey.PubSubMessage) {
		// Handle message. This callback will be called sequentially, but in another goroutine.
	}
})
c.Do(ctx, c.B().Subscribe().Channel("ch").Build())
err := <-wait // disconnected with err

If the hooks are not nil, the above wait channel is guaranteed to be close when the hooks will not be called anymore, and produce at most one error describing the reason. Users can use this channel to detect disconnection.

CAS Transaction

To do a CAS Transaction (WATCH + MULTI + EXEC), a dedicated connection should be used because there should be no unintentional write commands between WATCH and EXEC. Otherwise, the EXEC may not fail as expected.

client.Dedicated(func(c valkey.DedicatedClient) error {
    // watch keys first
    c.Do(ctx, c.B().Watch().Key("k1", "k2").Build())
    // perform read here
    c.Do(ctx, c.B().Mget().Key("k1", "k2").Build())
    // perform write with MULTI EXEC
    c.DoMulti(
        ctx,
        c.B().Multi().Build(),
        c.B().Set().Key("k1").Value("1").Build(),
        c.B().Set().Key("k2").Value("2").Build(),
        c.B().Exec().Build(),
    )
    return nil
})

Or use Dedicate() and invoke cancel() when finished to put the connection back to the pool.

c, cancel := client.Dedicate()
defer cancel()

c.Do(ctx, c.B().Watch().Key("k1", "k2").Build())
// do the rest CAS operations with the `client` who occupying a connection

However, occupying a connection is not good in terms of throughput. It is better to use Lua script to perform optimistic locking instead.

Lua Script

The NewLuaScript or NewLuaScriptReadOnly will create a script which is safe for concurrent usage.

When calling the script.Exec, it will try sending EVALSHA first and fallback to EVAL if the server returns NOSCRIPT.

script := valkey.NewLuaScript("return {KEYS[1],KEYS[2],ARGV[1],ARGV[2]}")
// the script.Exec is safe for concurrent call
list, err := script.Exec(ctx, client, []string{"k1", "k2"}, []string{"a1", "a2"}).ToArray()

Streaming Read

client.DoStream() and client.DoMultiStream() can be used to send large valkey responses to an io.Writer directly without allocating them in the memory. They work by first sending commands to a dedicated connection acquired from a pool, then directly copying the response values to the given io.Writer, and finally recycling the connection.

s := client.DoMultiStream(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("a{slot1}").Build(), client.B().Get().Key("b{slot1}").Build())
for s.HasNext() {
    n, err := s.WriteTo(io.Discard)
    if valkey.IsValkeyNil(err) {
        // ...
    }
}

Note that these two methods will occupy connections until all responses are written to the given io.Writer. This can take a long time and hurt performance. Use the normal Do() and DoMulti() instead unless you want to avoid allocating memory for large valkey response.

Also note that these two methods only work with string, integer, and float valkey responses. And DoMultiStream currently does not support pipelining keys across multiple slots when connecting to a valkey cluster.

Memory Consumption Consideration

Each underlying connection in valkey allocates a ring buffer for pipelining. Its size is controlled by the ClientOption.RingScaleEachConn and the default value is 10 which results into each ring of size 2^10.

If you have many valkey connections, you may find that they occupy quite amount of memory. In that case, you may consider reducing ClientOption.RingScaleEachConn to 8 or 9 at the cost of potential throughput degradation.

You may also consider setting the value of ClientOption.PipelineMultiplex to -1, which will let valkey use only 1 connection for pipelining to each valkey node.

Instantiating a new Valkey Client

You can create a new valkey client using NewClient and provide several options.

// Connect to a single valkey node:
client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{
    InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:6379"},
})

// Connect to a valkey cluster
client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{
    InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:7001", "127.0.0.1:7002", "127.0.0.1:7003"},
    ShuffleInit: true,
})

// Connect to a valkey cluster and use replicas for read operations
client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{
    InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:7001", "127.0.0.1:7002", "127.0.0.1:7003"},
    SendToReplicas: func(cmd valkey.Completed) bool {
        return cmd.IsReadOnly()
    },
})

// Connect to sentinels
client, err := valkey.NewClient(valkey.ClientOption{
    InitAddress: []string{"127.0.0.1:26379", "127.0.0.1:26380", "127.0.0.1:26381"},
    Sentinel: valkey.SentinelOption{
        MasterSet: "my_master",
    },
})

Valkey URL

You can use ParseURL or MustParseURL to construct a ClientOption.

The provided url must be started with either redis://, rediss:// or unix://.

Currently supported url parameters are db, dial_timeout, write_timeout, addr, protocol, client_cache, client_name, max_retries, and master_set.

// connect to a valkey cluster
client, err = valkey.NewClient(valkey.MustParseURL("redis://127.0.0.1:7001?addr=127.0.0.1:7002&addr=127.0.0.1:7003"))
// connect to a valkey node
client, err = valkey.NewClient(valkey.MustParseURL("redis://127.0.0.1:6379/0"))
// connect to a valkey sentinel
client, err = valkey.NewClient(valkey.MustParseURL("redis://127.0.0.1:26379/0?master_set=my_master"))

Arbitrary Command

If you want to construct commands that are absent from the command builder, you can use client.B().Arbitrary():

// This will result into [ANY CMD k1 k2 a1 a2]
client.B().Arbitrary("ANY", "CMD").Keys("k1", "k2").Args("a1", "a2").Build()

Working with JSON, Raw []byte, and Vector Similarity Search

The command builder treats all the parameters as Valkey strings, which are binary safe. This means that users can store []byte directly into Valkey without conversion. And the valkey.BinaryString helper can convert []byte to string without copy. For example:

client.B().Set().Key("b").Value(valkey.BinaryString([]byte{...})).Build()

Treating all the parameters as Valkey strings also means that the command builder doesn't do any quoting, conversion automatically for users.

When working with RedisJSON, users frequently need to prepare JSON string in Valkey string. And valkey.JSON can help:

client.B().JsonSet().Key("j").Path("$.myStrField").Value(valkey.JSON("str")).Build()
// equivalent to
client.B().JsonSet().Key("j").Path("$.myStrField").Value(`"str"`).Build()

When working with vector similarity search, users can use valkey.VectorString32 and valkey.VectorString64 to build queries:

cmd := client.B().FtSearch().Index("idx").Query("*=>[KNN 5 @vec $V]").
    Params().Nargs(2).NameValue().NameValue("V", valkey.VectorString64([]float64{...})).
    Dialect(2).Build()
n, resp, err := client.Do(ctx, cmd).AsFtSearch()

Command Response Cheatsheet

While the command builder is developer friendly, the response parser is a little unfriendly. Developers must know what type of Valkey response will be returned from the server beforehand and which parser they should use. Otherwise, it panics.

It is hard to remember what type of message will be returned and which parsing to used. So, here are some common examples:

// GET
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("k").Build()).ToString()
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Get().Key("k").Build()).AsInt64()
// MGET
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Mget().Key("k1", "k2").Build()).ToArray()
// SET
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("k").Value("v").Build()).Error()
// INCR
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Incr().Key("k").Build()).AsInt64()
// HGET
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Hget().Key("k").Field("f").Build()).ToString()
// HMGET
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Hmget().Key("h").Field("a", "b").Build()).ToArray()
// HGETALL
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Hgetall().Key("h").Build()).AsStrMap()
// ZRANGE
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zrange().Key("k").Min("1").Max("2").Build()).AsStrSlice()
// ZRANK
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zrank().Key("k").Member("m").Build()).AsInt64()
// ZSCORE
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zscore().Key("k").Member("m").Build()).AsFloat64()
// ZRANGE
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zrange().Key("k").Min("0").Max("-1").Build()).AsStrSlice()
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zrange().Key("k").Min("0").Max("-1").Withscores().Build()).AsZScores()
// ZPOPMIN
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zpopmin().Key("k").Build()).AsZScore()
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Zpopmin().Key("myzset").Count(2).Build()).AsZScores()
// SCARD
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Scard().Key("k").Build()).AsInt64()
// SMEMBERS
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Smembers().Key("k").Build()).AsStrSlice()
// LINDEX
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Lindex().Key("k").Index(0).Build()).ToString()
// LPOP
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Lpop().Key("k").Build()).ToString()
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Lpop().Key("k").Count(2).Build()).AsStrSlice()
// SCAN
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Scan().Cursor(0).Build()).AsScanEntry()
// FT.SEARCH
client.Do(ctx, client.B().FtSearch().Index("idx").Query("@f:v").Build()).AsFtSearch()
// GEOSEARCH
client.Do(ctx, client.B().Geosearch().Key("k").Fromlonlat(1, 1).Bybox(1).Height(1).Km().Build()).AsGeosearch()

Use DecodeSliceOfJSON to scan array result

DecodeSliceOfJSON is useful when you would like to scan the results of an array into a slice of a specific struct.

type User struct {
	Name string `json:"name"`
}

// Set some values
if err = client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("user1").Value(`{"name": "name1"}`).Build()).Error(); err != nil {
	return err
}
if err = client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("user2").Value(`{"name": "name2"}`).Build()).Error(); err != nil {
	return err
}

// Scan MGET results into []*User
var users []*User // or []User is also scannable
if err := valkey.DecodeSliceOfJSON(client.Do(ctx, client.B().Mget().Key("user1", "user2").Build()), &users); err != nil {
	return err
}

for _, user := range users {
	fmt.Printf("%+v\n", user)
}
/*
&{name:name1}
&{name:name2}
*/

!!!!!! DO NOT DO THIS !!!!!!

Please make sure that all values in the result have same JSON structure.

// Set a pure string value
if err = client.Do(ctx, client.B().Set().Key("user1").Value("userName1").Build()).Error(); err != nil {
	return err
}

// Bad
users := make([]*User, 0)
if err := valkey.DecodeSliceOfJSON(client.Do(ctx, client.B().Mget().Key("user1").Build()), &users); err != nil {
	return err
}
// -> Error: invalid character 'u' looking for beginning of value
// in this case, use client.Do(ctx, client.B().Mget().Key("user1").Build()).AsStrSlice()

Contributing

Contributions are welcome, including issues, pull requests, and discussions. Contributions mean a lot to us and help us improve this library and the community!

Generate command builders

Command builders are generated based on the definitions in ./hack/cmds by running:

go generate

Testing

Please use the ./dockertest.sh script for running test cases locally. And please try your best to have 100% test coverage on code changes.