This model makes reference to the course material of Math behind Moneyball instructed by Professor Wayne Winston and FiveThirtyEight's club soccer predictions. In the lecture, Professor used solver add-in in Excel for calculation, which takes a long time in finding solutions. To speed up the process, this python script uses a solver from pulp which is much times faster in some cases.
Hong Kong Football Prediction (in Traditional Chinese)
The expected goals for home team and away team are calculated as follows:
home_team_forecasted_goals = average_goals + home_advantage + home_team_offensive_rating + away_team_defensive_rating
away_team_forecasted_goals = average_goals - home_advantage + away_team_offensive_rating + home_team_defensive_rating
And the solver finds the best values for each rating by minimising the following function:
objective_function = abs(home_team_forecasted_goals - home_team_adjusted_goals) + abs(away_team_forecasted_goals - awya_team_adjusted_goals)
A 0.35 offensive rating means the team is expected to score 0.35 more goal and a 0.35 defensive rating means the team is expected to concede 0.35 more goal compared to an average team.
Unlike the Elo rating system, a team rating does not necessarily improve whenever it wins a match. If the team performs worse than the model expected, its ratings can decline.
In addition, recent matches are given more weight to reflect a team's recent performance.
Soccer is a tricky sport to model because there are so few goals scored in each match. The final result may not reflect the performance of each team well. To migrate the randomness and estimate team ratings better, two metrics are used in the calculation using in-depth match stats from Footy Stats API:
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For adjusted goals, goals scored late by a leading team may not be important. Using
goal_timingscolumns, the value of a goal by a leading team decreases linearly after the 70th minute. A goal in the 90th minute or later only worths 0.5 goals in the calculation. -
For expected goals,
xgcolumns (if available) are used.
The average of the above two metrics is used as forecasted goals in the calculation.
Poisson distributions are used here.
To calculate team rating, the expected goal to score and expected goal concede of each team against an average team in the model can be calculated using the same formula above. The percentage of possible points against an average team is the team rating. For example, if a team is forecast to have a 50% probability to win (scoring three points), 25% to draw (scoring one point), 25% to lose (scoring no points) against an average team. The team rating of the team is:
(0.50 * 3 + 0.25 * 1 + 0.25 * 0)/3 = 58.3
From the formulae, the distribution of team ratings is not linear. Below is a general guideline from ESPN:
| Rating | Strength |
|---|---|
| 85-100 | Elite |
| 80-84 | Very Strong |
| 75-79 | Strong |
| 70-74 | Good |
| 60-69 | Competitive |
| 50-59 | Marginal |
| 25-49 | Weak |
| 0-24 | Very Weak |
Theoretically, a team with a rating of 100 would win every other team, while a team with a rating of 0 would lose to every other team in the model.
To be updated.