Python 小例子
告别枯燥，60秒学会一个Python小例子。Python基础、Web开发、数据科学、机器学习的精简小例子都在这里。
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比如github账号为lhxon的小伙伴，fork此库后，按照如下步骤提交到此库：
1. git clone https://github.com/lhxon/python-small-examples
2. git add .
3. git commit -m "xiugai"
4. git push
5. 界面点击：pull requests，根据操作即可。如遇问题，欢迎联系我。一、基本操作
1 环境搭建基本概念 pycharm，python解释器，conda安装，pip安装。
详情点击：Python新手环境搭建时容易混淆的概念
2 修改为国内镜像 conda国内镜像修改(最新版)
3 链式比较
i = 3
print(1 < i < 3) # False
print(1 < i <= 3) # True4 不用else和if实现计算器
from operator import *
def calculator(a, b, k):
return {
'+': add,
'-': sub,
'*': mul,
'/': truediv,
'**': pow
}[k](a, b)
calculator(1, 2, '+') # 3
calculator(3, 4, '**') # 815 函数链
from operator import (add, sub)
def add_or_sub(a, b, oper):
return (add if oper == '+' else sub)(a, b)
add_or_sub(1, 2, '-') # -16 求字符串的字节长度
def str_byte_len(mystr):
return (len(mystr.encode('utf-8')))
str_byte_len('i love python') # 13(个字节)
str_byte_len('字符') # 6(个字节)7 寻找第n次出现位置
def search_n(s, c, n):
size = 0
for i, x in enumerate(s):
if x == c:
size += 1
if size == n:
return i
return -1
print(search_n("fdasadfadf", "a", 3))# 结果为7，正确
print(search_n("fdasadfadf", "a", 30))# 结果为-1，正确8 去掉最高最低求平均
def score_mean(lst):
lst.sort()
lst2=lst[1:(len(lst)-1)]
return round((sum(lst2)/len(lst2)),2)
score_mean([9.1, 9.0,8.1, 9.7, 19,8.2, 8.6,9.8]) # 9.079 交换元素
def swap(a, b):
return b, a
swap(1, 0) # (0,1)二、基础算法
1 二分搜索
def binarySearch(arr, left, right, x):
while left <= right:
mid = int(left + (right - left) / 2); # 找到中间位置。求中点写成(left+right)/2更容易溢出，所以不建议这样写
# 检查x是否出现在位置mid
if arr[mid] == x:
print('found %d 在索引位置%d 处' %(x,mid))
return mid
# 假如x更大，则不可能出现在左半部分
elif arr[mid] < x:
left = mid + 1 #搜索区间变为[mid+1,right]
print('区间缩小为[%d,%d]' %(mid+1,right))
elif x<arr[mid]:
right = mid - 1 #搜索区间变为[left,mid-1]
print('区间缩小为[%d,%d]' %(left,mid-1))
return -12 距离矩阵
x,y = mgrid[0:5,0:5]
list(map(lambda xe,ye: [(ex,ey) for ex, ey in zip(xe, ye)], x,y))
[[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4)],
[(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)],
[(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)],
[(3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)],
[(4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)]]三、列表
1 打印乘法表
for i in range(1,10):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print('{0}*{1}={2}'.format(j,i,j*i),end="\t")
print()结果：
1*1=1
1*2=2 2*2=4
1*3=3 2*3=6 3*3=9
1*4=4 2*4=8 3*4=12 4*4=16
1*5=5 2*5=10 3*5=15 4*5=20 5*5=25
1*6=6 2*6=12 3*6=18 4*6=24 5*6=30 6*6=36
1*7=7 2*7=14 3*7=21 4*7=28 5*7=35 6*7=42 7*7=49
1*8=8 2*8=16 3*8=24 4*8=32 5*8=40 6*8=48 7*8=56 8*8=64
1*9=9 2*9=18 3*9=27 4*9=36 5*9=45 6*9=54 7*9=63 8*9=72 9*9=812 嵌套数组完全展开
from collections.abc import *
def flatten(input_arr, output_arr=None):
if output_arr is None:
output_arr = []
for ele in input_arr:
if isinstance(ele, Iterable): # 判断ele是否可迭代
flatten(ele, output_arr) # 尾数递归
else:
output_arr.append(ele) # 产生结果
return output_arr
flatten([[1,2,3],[4,5]], [6,7]) # [6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]3 将list等分为子组
from math import ceil
def divide(lst, size):
if size <= 0:
return [lst]
return [lst[i * size:(i+1)*size] for i in range(0, ceil(len(lst) / size))]
r = divide([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 2) # [[1, 3], [5, 7], [9]]4 生成fibonacci序列前n项
def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1:
return [1]
fib = [1, 1]
while len(fib) < n:
fib.append(fib[len(fib) - 1] + fib[len(fib) - 2])
return fib
fibonacci(5) # [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]5 过滤掉各种空值
def filter_false(lst):
return list(filter(bool, lst))
filter_false([None, 0, False, '', [], 'ok', [1, 2]])# ['ok', [1, 2]]6 返回列表头元素
def head(lst):
return lst[0] if len(lst) > 0 else None
head([]) # None
head([3, 4, 1]) # 37 返回列表尾元素
def tail(lst):
return lst[-1] if len(lst) > 0 else None
print(tail([])) # None
print(tail([3, 4, 1])) # 18 对象转换为可迭代类型
from collections.abc import Iterable
def cast_iterable(val):
return val if isinstance(val, Iterable) else [val]
cast_iterable('foo')# foo
cast_iterable(12)# [12]
cast_iterable({'foo': 12})# {'foo': 12}9 求更长列表
def max_length(*lst):
return max(*lst, key=lambda v: len(v))
r = max_length([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8])# [4, 5, 6, 7]10 出现最多元素
def max_frequency(lst):
return max(lst, default='列表为空', key=lambda v: lst.count(v))
lst = [1, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2]
max_frequency(lst) # 1 11 求多个列表的最大值
def max_lists(*lst):
return max(max(*lst, key=lambda v: max(v)))
max_lists([1, 2, 3], [6, 7, 8], [4, 5]) # 812 求多个列表的最小值
def min_lists(*lst):
return min(min(*lst, key=lambda v: max(v)))
min_lists([1, 2, 3], [6, 7, 8], [4, 5]) # 113 检查list是否有重复元素
def has_duplicates(lst):
return len(lst) == len(set(lst))
x = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
has_duplicates(x) # False
has_duplicates(y) # True14 求列表中所有重复元素
from collections import Counter
def find_all_duplicates(lst):
c = Counter(lst)
return list(filter(lambda k: c[k] > 1, c))
find_all_duplicates([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]) # [2,3]15 列表反转
def reverse(lst):
return lst[::-1]
reverse([1, -2, 3, 4, 1, 2])# [2, 1, 4, 3, -2, 1]16 浮点数等差数列
def rang(start, stop, n):
start,stop,n = float('%.2f' % start), float('%.2f' % stop),int('%.d' % n)
step = (stop-start)/n
lst = [start]
while n > 0:
start,n = start+step,n-1
lst.append(round((start), 2))
return lst
rang(1, 8, 10) # [1.0, 1.7, 2.4, 3.1, 3.8, 4.5, 5.2, 5.9, 6.6, 7.3, 8.0]17 列表按条件分组
#对列表按条件分组
def bif_by(lst, Fn):
return [ [x for x in lst if Fn(x)],[x for x in lst if not Fn(x)]]
records = [25,89,31,34]
bif_by(records, lambda x: x<80) # [[25, 31, 34], [89]]四、字典
1 字典值最大的键值对列表
def max_pairs(dic):
if len(dic) == 0:
return dic
max_val = max(map(lambda v: v[1], dic.items()))
return [item for item in dic.items() if item[1] == max_val]
max_pairs({'a': -10, 'b': 5, 'c': 3, 'd': 5})# [('b', 5), ('d', 5)]2 字典值最小的键值对列表
def min_pairs(dic):
if len(dic) == 0:
return []
min_val = min(map(lambda v: v[1], dic.items()))
return [item for item in dic.items() if item[1] == min_val]
min_pairs({}) # []
r = min_pairs({'a': -10, 'b': 5, 'c': 3, 'd': 5})
print(r) # [('b', 5), ('d', 5)]3 合并两个字典
def merge_dict2(dic1, dic2):
return {**dic1, **dic2} # python3.5后支持的一行代码实现合并字典
merge_dict({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c': 3}) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}4 求字典前n个最大值
from heapq import nlargest
# 返回字典d前n个最大值对应的键
def topn_dict(d, n):
return nlargest(n, d, key=lambda k: d[k])
topn_dict({'a': 10, 'b': 8, 'c': 9, 'd': 10}, 3) # ['a', 'd', 'c']5 求最小键值对
d={'a':-10,'b':5, 'c':3,'d':5}
min(d.items(),key=lambda x:x[1]) #('a', -10)五、集合
1 互为变位词
from collections import Counter
# 检查两个字符串是否 相同字母异序词，简称：互为变位词
def anagram(str1, str2):
return Counter(str1) == Counter(str2)
anagram('eleven+two', 'twelve+one') # True 这是一对神奇的变位词
anagram('eleven', 'twelve') # False六、文件操作
1 批量修改后缀名
3 查找指定文件格式文件
import os
def find_file(work_dir,extension='jpg'):
lst = []
for filename in os.listdir(work_dir):
print(filename)
splits = os.path.splitext(filename)
ext = splits[1] # 拿到扩展名
if ext == '.'+extension:
lst.append(filename)
return lst
find_file('.','md') # 返回所有目录下的md文件七、正则和爬虫
1 判断密码是否合法
3 批量转化驼峰格式
import re
def camel(s):
s = re.sub(r"(\s|_|-)+", " ", s).title().replace(" ", "")
return s[0].lower() + s[1:]
# 批量转化
def batch_camel(slist):
return [camel(s) for s in slist]
batch_camel(['student_id', 'student\tname', 'student-add']) #['studentId', 'studentName', 'studentAdd']八、绘图
1 turtle绘制奥运五环图 结果：
2 turtle绘制漫天雪花 结果：
4 词频云图
import hashlib
import pandas as pd
from wordcloud import WordCloud
geo_data=pd.read_excel(r"../data/geo_data.xlsx")
words = ','.join(x for x in geo_data['city'] if x != []) #筛选出非空列表值
wc = WordCloud(
background_color="green", #背景颜色"green"绿色
max_words=100, #显示最大词数
font_path='./fonts/simhei.ttf', #显示中文
min_font_size=5,
max_font_size=100,
width=500 #图幅宽度
)
x = wc.generate(words)
x.to_file('../data/geo_data.png')
八、生成器
1 求斐波那契数列前n项(生成器版)
def fibonacci(n):
a, b = 1, 1
for _ in range(n):
yield a
a, b = b, a + b
list(fibonacci(5)) # [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]2 将list等分为子组(生成器版)
from math import ceil
def divide_iter(lst, n):
if n <= 0:
yield lst
return
i, div = 0, ceil(len(lst) / n)
while i < n:
yield lst[i * div: (i + 1) * div]
i += 1
list(divide_iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0)) # [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
list(divide_iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2)) # [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]3 多层列表展完全单层(生成器版)
#多层列表展开成单层列表
a=[1,2,[3,4,[5,6],7],8,["python",6],9]
def function(lst):
for i in lst:
if type(i)==list:
yield from function(i)
else:
yield i
print(list(function(a))) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 'python', 6, 9]九、keras
1 Keras入门例子
import numpy as np
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
data = np.random.random((1000, 1000))
labels = np.random.randint(2, size=(1000, 1))
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(32,
activation='relu',
input_dim=100))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(optimize='rmsprop', loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(data, labels, epochs=10, batch_size=32)
predictions = model.predict(data)十、邮件
1 20行代码实现Python自动群发邮件
import smtplib
from email import (header)
from email.mime import (text, application, multipart)
import time
def sender_mail():
smt_p = smtplib.SMTP()
smt_p.connect(host='smtp.qq.com', port=25)
sender, password = '113097485@qq.com', "**************"
smt_p.login(sender, password)
receiver_addresses, count_num = [
'guozhennianhua@163.com', 'xiaoxiazi99@163.com'], 1
for email_address in receiver_addresses:
try:
msg = multipart.MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = "zhenguo"
msg['To'] = email_address
msg['subject'] = header.Header('这是邮件主题通知', 'utf-8')
msg.attach(text.MIMEText(
'这是一封测试邮件，请勿回复本邮件~', 'plain', 'utf-8'))
smt_p.sendmail(sender, email_address, msg.as_string())
time.sleep(10)
print('第%d次发送给%s' % (count_num, email_address))
count_num = count_num + 1
except Exception as e:
print('第%d次给%s发送邮件异常' % (count_num, email_address))
continue
smt_p.quit()
sender_mail()发送到guozhennianhua@163.com邮件截图：
邮件带有附件，请见另一个小例子：Python群发带附件的邮件