Draper: View Models for Rails

Quick Start

Add gem 'draper' to your Gemfile and bundle
When you generate a resource with rails g resource YourModel, you get a decorator automatically!
If YourModel already exists, run rails g decorator YourModel to create YourModelDecorator
Edit app/decorators/[your_model]_decorator.rb using:
h to proxy to Rails/application helpers like h.current_user
the name of your decorated model to access the wrapped object like article.created_at
Wrap models in your controller with the decorator using:
.decorate method with a single object or collection, ex: ArticleDecorator.decorate(Article.all)
.new method with single object ex: ArticleDecorator.new(Article.first)
Call decorator methods from your view templates ex: <%= @article_decorator.created_at %>

If you need common methods in your decorators, create an app/decorators/application_decorator.rb:

class ApplicationDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  # your methods go here
end

and make your decorators inherit from it. Newly generated decorators will respect this choice and inherit from ApplicationDecorator.

Goals

This gem makes it easy to apply the decorator pattern to domain models in a Rails application. This pattern gives you three wins:

Replace most helpers with an object-oriented approach
Filter data at the presentation level
Enforce an interface between your controllers and view templates.

1. Object Oriented Helpers

Why hate normal helpers? In Ruby/Rails we approach everything from an Object-Oriented perspective, then with helpers we get procedural.The job of a helper is to take in data and output a presentation-ready string. We can do that with a decorator.

A decorator wraps an object with presentation-related accessor methods. For instance, if you had an Article object, then the decorator could override .published_at to use formatted output like this:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def published_at
    date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date')
    time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ")
    h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at'
  end
end

2. View-Layer Data Filtering

Have you ever written a to_xml or to_json method in your model? Did it feel weird to put presentation logic in your model?

Or, in the course of formatting this data, did you wish you could access current_user down in the model? Maybe for guests your to_json is only going to show three attributes, but if the user is an admin they get to see them all.

How would you handle this in the model layer? You'd probably pass the current_user or some role/flag down to to_json. That should still feel slimy.

When you use a decorator you have the power of a Ruby object but it's a part of the view layer. This is where your to_json belongs. You can access your current_user helper method using the h proxy available in the decorator:

class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator
  ADMIN_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES = [:title, :body, :author, :status]
  PUBLIC_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES = [:title, :body]

  def to_json
    attr_set = h.current_user.admin? ? ADMIN_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES : PUBLIC_VISIBLE_ATTRIBUTES
    article.to_json(:only => attr_set)
  end
end

3. Enforcing an Interface

Want to strictly control what methods are proxied to the original object? Use denies or allows.

Using `denies`

The denies method takes a blacklist approach. For instance:

class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator
  denies :title
end

Then, to test it:

 > ad = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(1))
 => #<ArticleDecorator:0x000001020d7728 @model=#<Article id: 1, title: "Hello, World">>
 > ad.title
NoMethodError: undefined method `title' for #<ArticleDecorator:0x000001020d7728>

You may also blacklist all methods by using denies_all:

class ArticleDecorate < ApplicationDecorator
  denies_all
end

Using `allows`

A better approach is to define a whitelist using allows:

class ArticleDecorator < ApplicationDecorator
  allows :title, :description
end

> ad = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(1))
=> #<ArticleDecorator:0x000001020d7728 @model=#<Article id: 1, title: "Hello, World">>
> ad.title
=> "Hello, World"
> ad.created_at
NoMethodError: undefined method `created_at' for #<ArticleDecorator:0x000001020d7728>

Up and Running

Setup

Add the dependency to your Gemfile:

gem "draper"

Then run bundle from the project directory.

Generate the Decorator

To decorate a model named Article:

rails generate decorator article

Writing Methods

Open the decorator model (ex: app/decorators/article_decorator.rb) and add normal instance methods. To access the wrapped source object, use the model method:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def author_name
    model.author.first_name + " " + model.author.last_name
  end
end

Using Existing Helpers

You probably want to make use of Rails helpers and those defined in your application. Use the helpers or h method proxy:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def published_at
    date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date')
    time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ")
    h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at'
  end
end

Lazy Helpers

Hate seeing that h. proxy all over? Willing to mix a bazillion methods into your decorator? Then try lazy helpers:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  include Draper::LazyHelpers

  def published_at
    date = content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date')
    time = content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ")
    content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'created_at'
  end
end

In the Controller

When writing your controller actions, you have three options:

Call .new and pass in the object to be wrapped

ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(params[:id]))

Call .decorate and pass in an object or collection of objects to be wrapped:

ArticleDecorator.decorate(Article.first) # Returns one instance of ArticleDecorator
ArticleDecorator.decorate_collection(Article.all)   # Returns CollectionDecorator of ArticleDecorator

In Your Views

Use the new methods in your views like any other model method (ex: @article.published_at):

<h1><%= @article.title %> <%= @article.published_at %></h1>

Integration with RSpec

Using the provided generator, Draper will place specs for your new decorator in spec/decorators/.

By default, specs in spec/decorators will be tagged as type => :decorator. Any spec tagged as decorator will make helpers available to the decorator.

If your decorator specs live somewhere else, which they shouldn't, make sure to tag them with type => :decorator. If you don't tag them, Draper's helpers won't be available to your decorator while testing.

Note: If you're using Spork, you need to require 'draper/test/rspec_integration' in your Spork.prefork block.

Possible Decoration Methods

Here are some ideas of what you might do in decorator methods:

Implement output formatting for to_csv, to_json, or to_xml
Format dates and times using strftime
Implement a commonly used representation of the data object like a .name method that combines first_name and last_name attributes

Learning Resources

RailsCast

Ryan Bates has put together an excellent RailsCast on Draper based on the 0.8.0 release: http://railscasts.com/episodes/286-draper

Example Using a Decorator

For a brief tutorial with sample project, check this out: http://tutorials.jumpstartlab.com/topics/decorators.html

Say I have a publishing system with Article resources. My designer decides that whenever we print the published_at timestamp, it should be constructed like this:

<span class='published_at'>
  <span class='date'>Monday, May 6</span>
  <span class='time'>8:52AM</span>
</span>

Could we build that using a partial? Yes. A helper? Uh-huh. But the point of the decorator is to encapsulate logic just like we would a method in our models. Here's how to implement it.

First, follow the steps above to add the dependency and update your bundle.

Since we're talking about the Article model we'll create an ArticleDecorator class. You could do it by hand, but use the provided generator:

rails generate decorator Article

Now open up the created app/decorators/article_decorator.rb and you'll find an ArticleDecorator class. Add this method:

def published_at
  date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date')
  time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p").delete(" "), :class => 'time')
  h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'published_at'
end

Then you need to perform the wrapping in your controller. Here's the simplest method:

class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @article = ArticleDecorator.new(Article.find(params[:id]))
  end
end

Then within your views you can utilize both the normal data methods and your new presentation methods:

<%= @article.published_at %>

Ta-da! Object-oriented data formatting for your view layer. Below is the complete decorator with extra comments removed:

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def published_at
    date = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%A, %B %e").squeeze(" "), :class => 'date')
    time = h.content_tag(:span, article.published_at.strftime("%l:%M%p"), :class => 'time').delete(" ")
    h.content_tag :span, date + time, :class => 'published_at'
  end
end

Example of Decorated Associations

Add a decorates_association :association_name to gain access to a decorated version of your target association.

class ArticleDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  decorates_association :author # belongs_to :author association
end

class AuthorDecorator < Draper::Decorator
  def fancy_name
    "#{model.title}. #{model.first_name} #{model.middle_name[0]}. #{model.last_name}"
  end
end

Now when you call the association it will use a decorator.

<%= @article.author.fancy_name %>

A note on Rails configuration

Draper loads your application's decorators when Rails start. This may lead to an issue with configuring I18n, whereby the settings you provide in ./config/application.rb are ignored. This happens when you use the I18n constant at the class-level in one of the models that have a decorator, as in the following example:

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :email, presence: { message: I18n.t('invalid_email') }
end

# app/decorators/user_decorator.rb
class UserDecorator < ApplicationDecorator
end

Note how the validates line is executed when the User class is loaded, triggering the initialization of the I18n framework before Rails had a chance to apply its configuration.

Using I18n directly in your model definition is an antipattern. The preferred solution would be to not override the message option in your validates macro, but provide the activerecord.errors.models.attributes.user.email.presence key in your translation files.

Extension gems

For automatic decoration, check out decorates_before_rendering.

Contributing

Fork it.
Create a branch (git checkout -b my_awesome_branch)
Commit your changes (git commit -am "Added some magic")
Push to the branch (git push origin my_awesome_branch)
Send pull request

Running tests

If it's the first time you want to run the tests, start by creating the dummy database:

$ rake db:migrate

You can then run tests by executing rake.

Contributors

Draper was conceived by Jeff Casimir and heavily refined by Steve Klabnik and a great community of open source contributors.

Core Team

Jeff Casimir (jeff@jumpstartlab.com)
Steve Klabnik (steve@jumpstartlab.com)
Vasiliy Ermolovich

License

(The MIT License)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

tovodeverett/draper