Paseto is everything you love about JOSE (JWT, JWE, JWS) without any of the many design deficits that plague the JOSE standards.
What follows is a reference implementation. Requires PHP 7 or newer.
Paseto (Platform-Agnostic SEcurity TOkens) is a specification and reference implementation for secure stateless tokens.
Unlike JSON Web Tokens (JWT), which gives developers more than enough rope with which to hang themselves, Paseto only allows secure operations. JWT gives you "algorithm agility", Paseto gives you "versioned protocols". It's incredibly unlikely that you'll be able to use Paseto in an insecure way.
Caution: Neither JWT nor Paseto were designed for stateless session management. Paseto is suitable for tamper-proof cookies, but cannot prevent replay attacks by itself.
v2.local.QAxIpVe-ECVNI1z4xQbm_qQYomyT3h8FtV8bxkz8pBJWkT8f7HtlOpbroPDEZUKop_vaglyp76CzYy375cHmKCW8e1CCkV0Lflu4GTDyXMqQdpZMM1E6OaoQW27gaRSvWBrR3IgbFIa0AkuUFw.UGFyYWdvbiBJbml0aWF0aXZlIEVudGVycHJpc2Vz
This decodes to:
- Version:
v2 - Purpose:
local(shared-key authenticated encryption) - Payload (hex-encoded):
400c48a557be10254d235cf8c506e6fea418a26c93de1f05b55f1bc64cfca412 56913f1fec7b653a96eba0f0c46542a8a7fbda825ca9efa0b3632dfbe5c1e628 25bc7b5082915d0b7e5bb81930f25cca9076964c33513a39aa105b6ee06914af 581ad1dc881b1486b4024b9417- Nonce:
400c48a557be10254d235cf8c506e6fea418a26c93de1f05 - Authentication tag:
6914af581ad1dc881b1486b4024b9417
- Nonce:
- Decrypted Payload:
{ "data": "this is a signed message", "exp": "2039-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" }- Key used in this example (hex-encoded):
707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f
- Key used in this example (hex-encoded):
- Footer:
Paragon Initiative Enterprises
v2.public.eyJleHAiOiIyMDM5LTAxLTAxVDAwOjAwOjAwKzAwOjAwIiwiZGF0YSI6InRoaXMgaXMgYSBzaWduZWQgbWVzc2FnZSJ91gC7-jCWsN3mv4uJaZxZp0btLJgcyVwL-svJD7f4IHyGteKe3HTLjHYTGHI1MtCqJ-ESDLNoE7otkIzamFskCA
This decodes to:
- Version:
v2 - Purpose:
public(public-key digital signature) - Payload:
{ "data": "this is a signed message", "exp": "2039-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" } - Signature (hex-encoded):
d600bbfa3096b0dde6bf8b89699c59a746ed2c981cc95c0bfacbc90fb7f8207c 86b5e29edc74cb8c761318723532d0aa27e1120cb36813ba2d908cda985b2408 - Public key (hex-encoded):
11324397f535562178d53ff538e49d5a162242970556b4edd950c87c7d86648a
To learn what each version means, please see this page in the documentation.
An example JWT (taken from JWT.io) might look like this:
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiYWRtaW4iOnRydWV9.TJVA95OrM7E2cBab30RMHrHDcEfxjoYZgeFONFh7HgQ
This decodes to:
Header:
{
"alg": "HS256",
"typ": "JWT"
}Body:
{
"sub": "1234567890",
"name": "John Doe",
"admin": true
}Signature:
TJVA95OrM7E2cBab30RMHrHDcEfxjoYZgeFONFh7HgQ
As you can see, with JWT, you get to specify an alg header. There are a lot of options to
choose from (including none).
There have been ways to exploit JWT libraries by replacing RS256 with HS256 and using the known public key as the HMAC-SHA256 key, thereby allowing arbitrary token forgery.
With Paseto, your options are version and a purpose. There are two possible
values for purpose:
local-- shared-key encryption (symmetric-key, AEAD)public-- public-key digital signatures (asymmetric-key)
Paseto only allows you to use authenticated modes.
Regardless of the purpose selected, the header (and an optional footer, which is always cleartext but base64url-encoded) is included in the signature or authentication tag.
See the documentation.
The section dedicated to this PHP implementation may be more relevant.
The curation of other implementations has been moved to paseto.io. See https://github.com/paragonie/paseto-io for the website source code.
If your company uses this library in their products or services, you may be interested in purchasing a support contract from Paragon Initiative Enterprises.