trpl learn...
https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/
TODO：
- 1. Getting Started
- 1.1. Installation
- 1.2. Hello, World!
- 1.3. Hello, Cargo!
- 2. Programming a Guessing Game
- 3. Common Programming Concepts
- 3.1. Variables and Mutability
- 3.2. Data Types
- 3.3. Functions
- 3.4. Comments
- 3.5. Control Flow
- 4. Understanding Ownership
- 4.1. What is Ownership?
- 4.2. References and Borrowing
- 4.3. The Slice Type
- 5. Using Structs to Structure Related Data
- 5.1. Defining and Instantiating Structs
- 5.2. An Example Program Using Structs
- 5.3. Method Syntax
- 6. Enums and Pattern Matching
- 6.1. Defining an Enum
- 6.2. The match Control Flow Operator
- 6.3. Concise Control Flow with if let
- 7. Managing Growing Projects with Packages, Crates, and Modules
- 7.1. Packages and Crates
- 7.2. Defining Modules to Control Scope and Privacy
- 7.3. Paths for Referring to an Item in the Module Tree
- 7.4. Bringing Paths Into Scope with the use Keyword
- 7.5. Separating Modules into Different Files
- 8. Common Collections
- 8.1. Storing Lists of Values with Vectors
- 8.2. Storing UTF-8 Encoded Text with Strings
- 8.3. Storing Keys with Associated Values in Hash Maps
- 9. Error Handling
- 9.1. Unrecoverable Errors with panic!
- 9.2. Recoverable Errors with Result
- 9.3. To panic! or Not To panic!
- 10. Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes
- 10.1. Generic Data Types
- 10.2. Traits: Defining Shared Behavior
- 10.3. Validating References with Lifetimes
- 11. Writing Automated Tests
- 11.1. How to Write Tests
- 11.2. Controlling How Tests Are Run
- 11.3. Test Organization
- 12. An I/O Project: Building a Command Line Program
- 12.1. Accepting Command Line Arguments
- 12.2. Reading a File
- 12.3. Refactoring to Improve Modularity and Error Handling
- 12.4. Developing the Library’s Functionality with Test Driven Development
- 12.5. Working with Environment Variables
- 12.6. Writing Error Messages to Standard Error Instead of Standard Output
- 13. Functional Language Features: Iterators and Closures
- 13.1. Closures: Anonymous Functions that Can Capture Their Environment
- 13.2. Processing a Series of Items with Iterators
- 13.3. Improving Our I/O Project
- 13.4. Comparing Performance: Loops vs. Iterators
- 14. More about Cargo and Crates.io
- 14.1. Customizing Builds with Release Profiles
- 14.2. Publishing a Crate to Crates.io
- 14.3. Cargo Workspaces
- 14.4. Installing Binaries from Crates.io with cargo install
- 14.5. Extending Cargo with Custom Commands
- 15. Smart Pointers
- 15.1. Using Box to Point to Data on the Heap
- 15.2. Treating Smart Pointers Like Regular References with the Deref Trait
- 15.3. Running Code on Cleanup with the Drop Trait
- 15.4. Rc, the Reference Counted Smart Pointer
- 15.5. RefCell and the Interior Mutability Pattern
- 15.6. Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory
- 16. Fearless Concurrency
- 16.1. Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously
- 16.2. Using Message Passing to Transfer Data Between Threads
- 16.3. Shared-State Concurrency
- 16.4. Extensible Concurrency with the Sync and Send Traits
- 17. Object Oriented Programming Features of Rust
- 17.1. Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages
- 17.2. Using Trait Objects That Allow for Values of Different Types
- 17.3. Implementing an Object-Oriented Design Pattern
- 18. Patterns and Matching
- 18.1. All the Places Patterns Can Be Used
- 18.2. Refutability: Whether a Pattern Might Fail to Match
- 18.3. Pattern Syntax
- 19. Advanced Features
- 19.1. Unsafe Rust
- 19.2. Advanced Traits
- 19.3. Advanced Types
- 19.4. Advanced Functions and Closures
- 19.5. Macros
- 20. Final Project: Building a Multithreaded Web Server
- 20.1. Building a Single-Threaded Web Server
- 20.2. Turning Our Single-Threaded Server into a Multithreaded Server
- 20.3. Graceful Shutdown and Cleanup
- 21. Appendix
- 21.1. A - Keywords
- 21.2. B - Operators and Symbols
- 21.3. C - Derivable Traits
- 21.4. D - Useful Development Tools
- 21.5. E - Editions
- 21.6. F - Translations of the Book
- 21.7. G - How Rust is Made and “Nightly Rust”