The gas costs associated with actions such as large-scale mathematical operations across a data structure pose a limitation to how the developer can affect the behavior of a token during the development process. Additionally, looping over the keys of a mapping, which can be done easily (and its cost is not frequently considered) in other languages is not easily possible in solidity. It is in fact optimal to avoid the use of loops wherever possible. This project demonstrates the use of a more efficient solution to implement global behavior in the context of an ERC20-style token by using exponents and integers as opposed to loops.
This ERC20 token has a special property. When any user of the system undertakes a certain action with respect to the smart contract, in this case simple transfers and unstaking, the entire set of token holders accrue an award of new issuance tokens. The limitation is to achieve this system without the need for loops at any point, optimizing the gas comsumption for all users. To achieve this, I introduce the multiplier a, which allows for the actual balances of all users to be tracked without needing to be calculated at every transaction. Instead, all the information about current balances are contained within a, and the required calculation is only applied when necesary.
This concept was inspired by Jake Brukhman and the algorithm we developed to express a solution to this problem This concept was also partially inspired by the idea of reflector tokens
- Each user will have a base balance and a virtual balance. At certain events, the tokens expressed in the virtual balance will accrue to the base balance, at which point they become "real" and can be used for any activities within web3.
- Simple mints will cause the multiplier a to be increased by 1%. Unstakes will do the same. Deposits to the staking lockup (where users can accrue more virtual tokens) will reduce the global multiplier by 0.05% (to be implemented in future versions). The contract shall track the total number of these events in
eventCount. - A user may elect to accrue their virtual tokens to their base balance (realizing gains) without unstaking. At the time of realization their base balance is credited by
(stakedBaseBalance * a^(eventCount)) - stakedBaseBalance)andstakedBaseBalanceis reduced by the amount accrued in "real" tokens. - A user may also elect to withdraw their "real" tokens directly from the staking lockup, with the penalty of losing whatever percentage of their base balance their accrued virtual yield represents. If this exceeds 100% they must realize gains before unstaking. If this equals 0% then there is no penalty.
- When checking the base balance no customized behavior is applied
- When checking the staked balance the contract shall return `stakedBaseBalance* a^(txCount)
- The staking lockup is represented by a mapping
(address => uint)that is used in tandem with the ERC20 standardbalancesmapping - The function that approximates a 1% increase per event is
f(x) = 1.01 + 0.0011x^2 + 0.00000011x^3, which is accurate out to about x=250
The project is structured as a standard solidity smart contract project. There are 5 directories within this project. They are:
- Build - contains build artefacts
- Contracts - contains the solidity smart contracts used
- Frontend - contains the html and js files for the frontend ui
- Migrations - contains scripts for deploying the contracts
- Test - contains unit tests, written in javascript
- Optimizing gas - using a multiplier to track the accrued balances reduces the number of writes to storage
- Inter-contract execution - the contract calls the methods _burn and _mint from ERC20.sol
- 131 - no unused variables
- 115 - no use of tx.origin
I have learned through the course of this project that decimal numbers are poorly handled within solidity. Future work to improve this system, and preclude the need for approximating functions such as f(x)=1.01^x with crudely guessed polynomials, would be to implement a decimal exponentiation library in solidity (similar to safeMath) that is able to represent the decimal numbers as 18-digit uints, carry out the calculation precisely, and not overflow the uint buffer.
The project frontend for testnet can be found at https://watersnake1.github.io/blockchain-developer-bootcamp-final-project/frontend/index.html and the smart contract is deployed on Ropsten at 0x6c9950296d362a00fd66CC099fb537aC196743b7
My ETH address is 0xB4ff581298a6D68B386a9a983F3463fBE4Fc32aA
- This project requires truffle, truffle-hdwallet-provider, node, npm, and an infura endpoint (to migrate)
- setup for migration and testing - please add the mnemonic to the wallet to be used for deploying to '.secret' at the project root, and the the infura url to the .infura file, both of which should be created at the project root
- To run tests, execute
truffle testat the command line. To migrate to a local network, set the port of the network to 8545
- You can find a .mov file in this repo