pypiserver: A Python repository from wontonst

pypiserver - minimal PyPI server for use with pip/easy_install

Version:	1.3.0
Date:	2019-05-05
Source:	https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver
PyPI:	https://pypi.org/project/pypiserver/
Travis:	https://travis-ci.org/pypiserver/pypiserver
Maintainers:	Kostis Anagnostopoulos <ankostis@gmail.com>, Matthew Planchard <mplanchard@gmail.com>
License:	zlib/libpng + MIT

pypiserver is a minimal PyPI compatible server for pip or easy_install. It is based on bottle and serves packages from regular directories. Wheels, bdists, eggs and accompanying PGP-signatures can be uploaded either with pip, setuptools, twine, pypi-uploader, or simply copied with scp.

Table of Contents

pypiserver - minimal PyPI server for use with pip/easy_install

Quickstart: Installation and Usage

pypiserver > 1.2.x works with Python 2.7 and 3.4+ or pypy. Older Python versions may still work, but they are not tested. For legacy Python versions, use pypiserver-1.1.x series.

Tip

The commands below work on a unix-like operating system with a posix shell. The '~' character expands to user's home directory.

If you're using Windows, you'll have to use their "Windows counterparts". The same is true for the rest of this documentation.

Install pypiserver with this command:

pip install pypiserver                ## Or: pypiserver[passlib,watchdog]
mkdir ~/packages                      ## Copy packages into this directory.

Copy some packages into your ~/packages folder and then get your pypiserver up and running:
```
pypi-server -p 8080 ~/packages &      ## Will listen to all IPs.
```

From the client computer, type this:

## Download and Install hosted packages.
pip install  --extra-index-url http://localhost:8080/simple/ ...

# or
pip install --extra-index-url http://localhost:8080

## Search hosted packages
pip search --index http://localhost:8080 ...

# Note that pip search does not currently work with the /simple endpoint

See also Client-side configurations for avoiding tedious typing.

Enter pypi-server -h in the cmd-line to print a detailed usage message:

pypi-server [OPTIONS] [PACKAGES_DIRECTORY...]
  start PyPI compatible package server serving packages from
  PACKAGES_DIRECTORY. If PACKAGES_DIRECTORY is not given on the
  command line, it uses the default ~/packages.  pypiserver scans this
  directory recursively for packages. It skips packages and
  directories starting with a dot. Multiple package directories can be
  specified.

pypi-server understands the following options:

  -p, --port PORT
    listen on port PORT (default: 8080)

  -i, --interface INTERFACE
    listen on interface INTERFACE (default: 0.0.0.0, any interface)

  -a, --authenticate (UPDATE|download|list), ...
    comma-separated list of (case-insensitive) actions to authenticate
    Use '.' or '' for empty. Requires to have set the password (-P option).
    For example to password-protect package downloads (in addition to uploads)
    while leaving listings public, give:
      -P foo/htpasswd.txt  -a update,download
    To drop all authentications, use:
      -P .  -a .
    Note that when uploads are not protected, the `register` command
    is not necessary, but `~/.pypirc` still need username and password fields,
    even if bogus.
    By default, only 'update' is password-protected.

  -P, --passwords PASSWORD_FILE
    use apache htpasswd file PASSWORD_FILE to set usernames & passwords when
    authenticating certain actions (see -a option).
    If you want to allow un-authorized access, set this option and -a
    explicitly to empty (either '.' or'').

  --disable-fallback
    disable redirect to real PyPI index for packages not found in the
    local index

  --fallback-url FALLBACK_URL
    for packages not found in the local index, this URL will be used to
    redirect to (default: https://pypi.org/simple)

  --server METHOD
    use METHOD to run the server. Valid values include paste,
    cherrypy, twisted, gunicorn, gevent, wsgiref, auto. The
    default is to use "auto" which chooses one of paste, cherrypy,
    twisted or wsgiref.

  -r, --root PACKAGES_DIRECTORY
    [deprecated] serve packages from PACKAGES_DIRECTORY

  -o, --overwrite
    allow overwriting existing package files

  --hash-algo ALGO
    any `hashlib` available algo used as fragments on package links.
    Set one of (0, no, off, false) to disabled it. (default: md5)

  --welcome HTML_FILE
    uses the ASCII contents of HTML_FILE as welcome message response.

  -v
    enable INFO logging;  repeat for more verbosity.

  --log-conf <FILE>
    read logging configuration from FILE.
    By default, configuration is read from `log.conf` if found in server's dir.

  --log-file <FILE>
    write logging info into this FILE.

  --log-frmt <FILE>
    the logging format-string.  (see `logging.LogRecord` class from standard python library)
    [Default: %(asctime)s|%(name)s|%(levelname)s|%(thread)d|%(message)s]

  --log-req-frmt FORMAT
    a format-string selecting Http-Request properties to log; set to  '%s' to see them all.
    [Default: %(bottle.request)s]

  --log-res-frmt FORMAT
    a format-string selecting Http-Response properties to log; set to  '%s' to see them all.
    [Default: %(status)s]

  --log-err-frmt FORMAT
    a format-string selecting Http-Error properties to log; set to  '%s' to see them all.
    [Default: %(body)s: %(exception)s \n%(traceback)s]

pypi-server -h
pypi-server --help
  show this help message

pypi-server --version
  show pypi-server's version

pypi-server -U [OPTIONS] [PACKAGES_DIRECTORY...]
  update packages in PACKAGES_DIRECTORY. This command searches
  pypi.org for updates and shows a pip command line which
  updates the package.

The following additional options can be specified with -U:

  -x
    execute the pip commands instead of only showing them

  -d DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY
    download package updates to this directory. The default is to use
    the directory which contains the latest version of the package to
    be updated.

  -u
    allow updating to unstable version (alpha, beta, rc, dev versions)

Visit https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver for more information.

Client-side Configurations

Always specifying the the pypi url on the command line is a bit cumbersome. Since pypiserver redirects pip/easy_install to the pypi.org index if it doesn't have a requested package, it's a good idea to configure them to always use your local pypi index.

Configuring pip

For pip command this can be done by setting the environment variable PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL in your .bashr/.profile/.zshrc:

export PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL=http://localhost:8080/simple/

or by adding the following lines to ~/.pip/pip.conf:

[global]
extra-index-url = http://localhost:8080/simple/

Note

If you have installed pypiserver on a remote url without https you wil receive an "untrusted" warning from pip, urging you to append the --trusted-host option. You can also include this option permanently in your configuration-files or environment variables.

Configuring easy_install

For easy_install command you may set the following configuration in ~/.pydistutils.cfg:

[easy_install]
index_url = http://localhost:8080/simple/

Uploading Packages Remotely

Instead of copying packages directly to the server's folder (i.e. with scp), you may use python tools for the task, e.g. python setup.py upload. In that case, pypiserver is responsible for authenticating the upload-requests.

Note

We strongly advise to password-protected your uploads!

It is possible to disable authentication for uploads (e.g. in intranets). To avoid lazy security decisions, read help for -P and -a options.

Apache-like authentication (`htpasswd`)

First make sure you have the passlib module installed (note that passlib>=1.6 is required), which is needed for parsing the Apache htpasswd file specified by the -P, --passwords option (see next steps):
```
pip install passlib
```
Create the Apache htpasswd file with at least one user/password pair with this command (you'll be prompted for a password):
```
htpasswd -sc htpasswd.txt <some_username>
```
Tip

Read this SO question for running htpasswd cmd under Windows:

http://serverfault.com/questions/152950/how-to-create-and-edit-htaccess-and-htpasswd-locally-on-my-computer-and-then-u

or if you have bogus passwords that you don't care because they are for an internal service (which is still "bad", from a security prespective...) you may use this public service:

http://www.htaccesstools.com/htpasswd-generator/
Tip

When accessing pypiserver via the api, alternate authentication methods are available via the auther config flag. Any callable returning a boolean can be passed through to the pypiserver config in order to provide custom authentication. For example, to configure pypiserver to authenticate using the python-pam:
```
import pam
pypiserver.default_config(auther=pam.authenticate)
```
Please see Using Ad-hoc authentication providers for more information.
You need to restart the server with the -P option only once (but user/password pairs can later be added or updated on the fly):
```
./pypi-server -p 8080 -P htpasswd.txt ~/packages &
```

Upload with setuptools

On client-side, edit or create a ~/.pypirc file with a similar content:

[distutils]
index-servers =
  pypi
  local

[pypi]
username:<your_pypi_username>
password:<your_pypi_passwd>

[local]
repository: http://localhost:8080
username: <some_username>
password: <some_passwd>

Then from within the directory of the python-project you wish to upload, issue this command:
```
python setup.py sdist upload -r local
```

Upload with twine

To avoid storing you passwords on disk, in clear text, you may either:

use the register setuptools's command with the -r option, like that:
```
python setup.py sdist register -r local upload -r local
```
use twine library, which breaks the procedure in two steps. In addition, it supports signing your files with PGP-Signatures and uploading the generated .asc files to pypiserver:
```
twine upload -r local --sign -identity user_name ./foo-1.zip
```

Using the Docker Image

Starting with version 1.2.5, official Docker images will be built for each push to master, each dev, alpha, or beta release, and each final release. The most recent full release will always be available under the tag latest, and the current master branch will always be available under the tag unstable.

You can always check to see what tags are currently available at our Docker Repo.

To run the most recent release of pypiserver with Docker, simply:

docker run pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

This starts pypiserver serving packages from the /data/packages directory inside the container, listening on the container port 8080.

The container takes all the same arguments as the normal pypi-server executable, with the exception of the internal container port (-p), which will always be 8080.

Of course, just running a container isn't that interesting. To map port 80 on the host to port 8080 on the container:

docker run -p 80:8080 pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

You can now access your pypiserver at localhost:80 in a web browser.

To serve packages from a directory on the host, e.g. ~/packages:

docker run -p 80:8080 -v ~/packages:/data/packages pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

To authenticate against a local .htpasswd file:

docker run -p 80:8080 -v ~/.htpasswd:/data/.htpasswd pypiserver/pypiserver:latest -P .htpasswd packages

You can also specify pypiserver to run as a Docker service using a composefile. An example composefile is provided.

Alternative Installation Methods

When trying the methods below, first use the following command to check whether previous versions of pypiserver already exist, and (optionally) uninstall them:

## VERSION-CHECK: Fails if not installed.
pypi-server --version

## UNINSTALL: Invoke again untill it fails.
pip uninstall pypiserver

Installing the very latest version

In case the latest version in pypi is a pre-release, you have to use pip's --pre option. And to update an existing installation combine it with --ignore-installed:

pip install pypiserver --pre -I

You can even install the latest pypiserver directly from github with the following command, assuming you have git installed on your PATH:

pip install git+git://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver.git

Installing it as standalone script

The git repository contains a pypi-server-standalone.py script, which is a single python file that can be executed without any other dependencies.

Run the following commands to download the script with wget:

wget https://raw.github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/standalone/pypi-server-standalone.py
chmod +x pypi-server-standalone.py

or with curl:

curl -O https://raw.github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/standalone/pypi-server-standalone.py
chmod +x pypi-server-standalone.py

You can then start-up the server with:

./pypi-server-standalone.py

Feel free to rename the script and move it into your $PATH.

Running on heroku/dotcloud

https://github.com/dexterous/pypiserver-on-the-cloud contains instructions on how to run pypiserver on one of the supported cloud service providers.

Recipes

Managing the package directory

The pypi-server command has the -U option that searches for updates of available packages. It scans the package directory for available packages and searches on pypi.org for updates. Without further options pypi-server -U will just print a list of commands which must be run in order to get the latest version of each package. Output looks like:

$ ./pypi-server -U
checking 106 packages for newer version

.........u.e...........e..u.............
.....e..............................e...
..........................

no releases found on pypi for PyXML, Pymacs, mercurial, setuptools

# update raven from 1.4.3 to 1.4.4
pip -q install --no-deps  --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple -d /home/ralf/packages/mirror raven==1.4.4

# update greenlet from 0.3.3 to 0.3.4
pip -q install --no-deps  --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple -d /home/ralf/packages/mirror greenlet==0.3.4

It first prints for each package a single character after checking the available versions on pypi. A dot(.) means the package is up-to-date, 'u' means the package can be updated and 'e' means the list of releases on pypi is empty. After that it shows a pip command line which can be used to update a one package. Either copy and paste that or run pypi-server -Ux in order to really execute those commands. You need to have pip installed for that to work however.

Specifying an additional -u option will also allow alpha, beta and release candidates to be downloaded. Without this option these releases won't be considered.

Serving thousands of packages

By default, pypiserver scans the entire packages directory each time an incoming HTTP request occurs. This isn't a problem for a small number of packages, but causes noticeable slow-downs when serving thousands of packages.

If you run into this problem, significant speedups can be gained by enabling pypiserver's directory caching functionality. The only requirement is to install the watchdog package, or it can be installed during pypiserver installation, by specifying the cache extras option:

pip install pypiserver[cache]

Additional speedups can be obtained by using your webserver's builtin caching functionality. For example, if you are using nginx as a reverse-proxy as described below in Behind a reverse proxy, you can easily enable caching. For example, to allow nginx to cache up to 10 gigabytes of data for up to 1 hour:

proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache
                 levels=1:2
                 keys_zone=pypiserver_cache:10m
                 max_size=10g
                 inactive=60m
                 use_temp_path=off;

server {
    # ...
    location / {
        proxy_cache pypiserver_cache;
        proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
    }
}

Using webserver caching is especially helpful if you have high request volume. Using nginx caching, a real-world pypiserver installation was able to easily support over 1000 package downloads/min at peak load.

Managing Automated Startup

There are a variety of options for handling the automated starting of pypiserver upon system startup. Two of the most common are systemd and supervisor.

Running as a systemd service

systemd is installed by default on most modern Linux systems and as such, it is an excellent option for managing the pypiserver process. An example config file for systemd can be seen below:

[Unit]
Description=A minimal PyPI server for use with pip/easy_install.
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
# systemd requires absolute path here too.
PIDFile=/var/run/pypiserver.pid
User=www-data
Group=www-data

ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/pypi-server -p 8080 -a update,download --log-file /var/log/pypiserver.log -P /etc/nginx/.htpasswd /var/www/pypi
ExecStop=/bin/kill -TERM $MAINPID
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
Restart=always

WorkingDirectory=/var/www/pypi

TimeoutStartSec=3
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Adjusting the paths and adding this file as pypiserver.service into your systemd/system directory will allow management of the pypiserver process with systemctl, e.g. systemctl start pypiserver.

More useful information about systemd can be found at https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-systemctl-to-manage-systemd-services-and-units

Launching through supervisor

supervisor has the benefit of being a pure python package and as such, it provides excellent cross-platform support for process management. An example configuration file for supervisor is given below:

[program:pypi]
command=/home/pypi/pypi-venv/bin/pypi-server -p 7001 -P /home/pypi/.htpasswd /home/pypi/packages
directory=/home/pypi
user=pypi
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stderr_logfile=/var/log/pypiserver.err.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/pypiserver.out.log

From there, the process can be managed via supervisord using supervisorctl.

Using a different WSGI-server

The bottle web-server which supports many WSGI-servers, among others, paste, cherrypy, twisted and wsgiref (part of python); you select them using the --server flag.

You may view all supported WSGI servers using the following interactive code:

>>> from pypiserver import bottle
>>> list(bottle.server_names.keys())
['cgi', 'gunicorn', 'cherrypy', 'eventlet', 'tornado', 'geventSocketIO',
'rocket', 'diesel', 'twisted', 'wsgiref', 'fapws3', 'bjoern', 'gevent',
'meinheld', 'auto', 'aiohttp', 'flup', 'gae', 'paste', 'waitress']

If none of the above servers matches your needs, invoke just the pypiserver:app() method which returns the internal WSGI-app WITHOUT starting-up a server - you may then send it to any WSGI-server you like. Read also the Utilizing the API section.
Some examples are given below - you may find more details in bottle site.

Apache (mod_wsgi)

To use your Apache2 with pypiserver, prefer to utilize mod_wsgi as explained in bottle's documentation.

Note

If you choose instead to go with mod_proxy, mind that you may bump into problems with the prefix-path (see #155).

Adapt and place the following Apache configuration either into top-level scope, or inside some <VirtualHost> (contributed by Thomas Waldmann):

WSGIScriptAlias   /     /yoursite/wsgi/pypiserver-wsgi.py
WSGIDaemonProcess       pypisrv user=pypisrv group=pypisrv umask=0007 \
                        processes=1 threads=5 maximum-requests=500 \
                        display-name=wsgi-pypisrv inactivity-timeout=300
WSGIProcessGroup        pypisrv
WSGIPassAuthorization On    ## (Optional) Use also apache's authentication.

<Directory /yoursite/wsgi >
    Require all granted
</Directort>

or if using older Apache < 2.4, substitute the last part with this:

<Directory /yoursite/wsgi >
    Order deny,allow
    Allow from all
</Directort>

Then create the /yoursite/cfg/pypiserver.wsgi file and make sure that the user and group of the WSGIDaemonProcess directive (pypisrv:pypisrv in the example) have the read permission on it:
```
import pypiserver

conf = pypiserver.default_config(
    root =          "/yoursite/packages",
    password_file = "/yoursite/htpasswd", )
application = pypiserver.app(**conf)
```
Tip

If you have installed pypiserver in a virtualenv, follow mod_wsgi's instructions and prepend the python code above with the following:
```
import site

site.addsitedir('/yoursite/venv/lib/pythonX.X/site-packages')
```

Note

For security reasons, notice that the Directory directive grants access to a directory holding the wsgi start-up script, alone; nothing else.

gunicorn

The following command uses gunicorn to start pypiserver:

gunicorn -w4 'pypiserver:app(root="/home/ralf/packages")'

or when using multiple roots:

gunicorn -w4 'pypiserver:app(root=["/home/ralf/packages", "/home/ralf/experimental"])'

paste/pastedeploy

paste allows to run multiple WSGI applications under different URL paths. Therefore it's possible to serve different set of packages on different paths.

The following example paste.ini could be used to serve stable and unstable packages on different paths:

[composite:main]
use = egg:Paste#urlmap
/unstable/ = unstable
/ = stable

[app:stable]
use = egg:pypiserver#main
root = ~/stable-packages

[app:unstable]
use = egg:pypiserver#main
root = ~/stable-packages
   ~/unstable-packages

[server:main]
use = egg:gunicorn#main
host = 0.0.0.0
port = 9000
workers = 5
accesslog = -

Note

You need to install some more dependencies for this to work, like:

pip install paste pastedeploy gunicorn pypiserver

The server can then start with:

gunicorn_paster paste.ini

Behind a reverse proxy

You can run pypiserver behind a reverse proxy as well.

Nginx

Extend your nginx configuration:

upstream pypi {
  server              pypiserver.example.com:12345 fail_timeout=0;
}

server {
  server_name         myproxy.example.com;

  location / {
    proxy_set_header  Host $host:$server_port;
    proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    proxy_pass        http://pypi;
  }
}

As of pypiserver 1.3, you may also use the X-Forwarded-Host header in your reverse proxy config to enable changing the base URL. For example if you want to host pypiserver under a particular path on your server:

upstream pypi {
  server              locahost:8000;
}

server {
  location /pypi/ {
      proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Host $host:$server_port/pypi;
      proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
      proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
      proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
      proxy_pass        http://pypi;
  }
}

Supporting HTTPS/SSL

Using a reverse proxy is the preferred way of getting pypiserver behind HTTPS. For example, to put pypiserver behind HTTPs on port 443, with automatic HTTP redirection, using nginx:

upstream pypi {
  server               localhost:8000;
}

server {
  listen              80 default_server;
  server_name         _;
  return              301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

server {
  listen              443 ssl;
  server_name         pypiserver.example.com;

  ssl_certificate     /etc/star.example.com.crt;
  ssl_certificate_key /etc/star.example.com.key;
  ssl_protocols       TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
  ssl_ciphers         HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;

  location / {
    proxy_set_header  Host $host:$server_port;
    proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    proxy_pass        http://pypi;
  }
}

Please see nginx's HTTPS docs for more details.

Getting and keeping your certificates up-to-date can be simplified using, for example, using certbot and letsencrypt.

Utilizing the API

In order to enable ad-hoc authentication-providers or to use WSGI-servers not supported by bottle out-of-the-box, you needed to launch pypiserver via its API.

The main entry-point for configuring pypiserver is the pypiserver:app() function. This function returns the internal WSGI-app that you my then send to any WSGI-server you like.
To get all pypiserver:app() keywords and their explanations, read the function pypiserver:default_config().
Finally, to fire-up a WSGI-server with the configured app, invoke the bottle:run(app, host, port, server) function. Note that pypiserver ships with it's own copy of bottle; to use it, import it like that: from pypiserver import bottle

Using ad-hoc authentication providers

The auther keyword of pypiserver:app() function maybe set only using the API. This can be any callable that returns a boolean when passed the username and the password for a given request.

For example, to authenticate users based on the /etc/passwd file under Unix, you may delegate such decisions to the python-pam library by following these steps:

Ensure python-pam module is installed:
```
pip install python-pam
```

Create a python-script along these lines:

$ cat > pypiserver-start.py
import pypiserver
from pypiserver import bottle
import pam
app = pypiserver.app(root='./packages', auther=pam.authenticate)
bottle.run(app=app, host='0.0.0.0', port=80, server='auto')

[Ctrl+ D]

Invoke the python-script to start-up pypiserver:
```
$ python pypiserver-start.py
```

Note

The python-pam module, requires read access to /etc/shadow file; you may add the user under which pypiserver runs into the shadow group, with a command like this: sudo usermod -a -G shadow pypy-user.

Sources

To create a copy of the repository, use:

git clone https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver.git
cd pypiserver

To receive any later changes, in the above folder use:

git pull

Known Limitations

pypiserver does not implement the full API as seen on PyPI. It implements just enough to make easy_install, pip install, and search work.

The following limitations are known:

Command pypi -U that compares uploaded packages with pypi to see if they are outdated, does not respect a http-proxy environment variable (see #19).
It accepts documentation uploads but does not save them to disk (see #47 for a discussion)
It does not handle misspelled packages as pypi-repo does, therefore it is suggested to use it with --extra-index-url instead of --index-url (see #38).

Please use Github's bugtracker for other bugs you find.

Similar Projects

There are lots of other projects, which allow you to run your own PyPI server. If pypiserver doesn't work for you, the following are among the most popular alternatives:

devpi-server: a reliable fast pypi.org caching server, part of the comprehensive github-style pypi index server and packaging meta tool. (version: 2.1.4, access date: 8/3/2015)
pip2pi a simple cmd-line tool that builds a PyPI-compatible local folder from pip requirements (version: 0.6.7, access date: 8/3/2015)
flask-pypi-proxy A proxy for PyPI that also enables also uploading custom packages.
twine: A command-line utility for interacting with PyPI or pypiserver.
pypi-uploader: A command-line utility to upload packages to your pypiserver from pypi without having to store them locally first.
Check this SO question: ` How to roll my own pypi <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1235331/how-to-roll-my-own-pypi>`_

Licensing

pypiserver contains a copy of bottle which is available under the MIT license, and the remaining part is distributed under the zlib/libpng license. See the LICENSE.txt file.

wontonst/pypiserver

Upload with twine