dshield

DShield Raspberry Pi Sensor

This is a set of scripts to setup a Raspberry Pi as a DShield Sensor.

Current design goals and prerequisites for using the automated installation procedure:

use of a dedicated device (Raspberry Pi, any model as per)
current Raspberry Pi OS ("Lite" version will suffice)
easy installation / configuration (and therefor not that much configurable)
disposable (when something breaks (e.g. during upgrade): re-install from scratch)
minimize complexity and overhead (e.g. no virtualization like docker)
support for IPv4 only (for the internal net)
one interface only (e.g. eth0)

The current version is only tested on Raspberry Pi OS and Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Server, not on other distros, sorry. If there is the need for other distros, "someone" has to check and maintain the installation script.

Installation

In order to use the installation script on the Raspberry Pi, you will need to first prepare it.

get Raspberry Pi OS Lite
put it onto an SD card (e.g. using procedures described here, note the additional links at the bottom)
if you do not have a monitor connected, then you may enable the SSH server by placing an empty file called "ssh" in the boot partition. IMPORTANT: CHANGE YOUR PASSWORD AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
boot the pi from the SD card and log into the console using an USB keyboard
- hint: when you don't want to connect a display and you haven't enabled SSH server as stated above you may just enter the following (note: US keyboard layout)
```
pi
raspberry
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start
```
- example for German keyboard:
```
pi
raspberrz
sudo -etc-init.d-ssh start
```
connect to the device using an ssh client (port 22), log in with user pi, password raspberry
CHANGE THE DEFAULT PASSWORD for the pi user (better: use keys to authenticate)

passwd
   raspberry
   new pw
   new pw

make sure the Pi can reach out to the Internet using http(s), can resolve DNS, ... (DHCP)
run raspi-config to set up some basic things
- enable SSH permanently (only if you haven't done so already)
```
sudo touch /boot/ssh
```
- make sure the root file system of the Pi is properly expanded (not needed on newer "Raspberry Pi OS" versions)
```
  sudo raspi-config --expand-rootfs
```
- make sure Pi's system time is somewhat reasonable, e.g.

date

if the time is "off" run (replace date with current date)

sudo date --set='2017-04-21 21:46:00' +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'

update your Pi. The install script will do this as well, but it can take hours, so you are better off doing it first.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -uy dist-upgrade

reboot

sudo reboot

if GIT isn't already installed (will be the case e.g. when using the lite distro): install GIT

sudo apt-get -y install git

clone the GIT repository (which will create the "dshield" directory)

git clone https://github.com/DShield-ISC/dshield.git

run the installation script

cd dshield/bin
sudo ./install.sh

if curious watch the debug log file in parallel to the installation: connect with an additional ssh session to the system and run (name of the log file will be printed out by the installation script):

sudo tail -f LOGFILE

answer the questions of the installation routine
if everything goes fine and the script finishes OK: reboot the device

sudo reboot

from now on you have to use port 12222 to connect to the device by SSH
expose the Pi to inbound traffic. For example, in many firewalls and home routers you will be able to configure it as a "DMZ Hosts", "exposed devices", ... see hints below for - well - hints ...

Background: `install.sh`

This script will:

disable IPv6 on the Pi
enable firewall logging and submitting of logs to DShield
change your ssh server to listen on port 12222
install the ssh honeypot cowrie (for ssh)
install needed environment (e.g. MySQL server, Python packages, ...)

Troubleshooting

logs are sent twice an hour to the dshield portal by the cron job /etc/cron.d/dshield, this can be verified by 'My Account' -> 'My Reports'
have a look at the output from the status script: /home/pi/install/dshield/bin/status.sh
if you get strange python / pip errors during installation / updates you may try the following commands as root: pip freeze --local | grep -v '^\-e' | cut -d = -f 1 | xargs -n1 pip install -U

Updates

Normal Updates

Inside your "dshield" directory (the directory created above when you run git clone), run

cd install/dshield
git pull
sudo bin/install.sh

Configuration parameters like your API Key will be retained. To edit the configuration, edit /etc/dshield.ini, to configure the firewall edit /etc/network/iptables (note: nat table is also used).

Please make sure to keep special port and network configuration up to date (e.g. manually configure recently added telnet / web ports in firewall config), e.g. no-log config, no-honey config, ... unfortunately this can't be done automagically as of now. If unsure delete respective lines in /etc/dshield.ini and re-run the installation script.

Testing of update procedure is normally done (between two releases) as follows:

update on Pi 3 from the last version to current
install on a current clean image of raspbian lite on a Pi 3

Special Update Note: Versions < 0.4 to >= 0.4

The handling of Python packages had to be changed from distro package manager to pip. This means the update is pain. Sorry for that.

You have three alternatives:

Easy

The easiest, preferred and warmly recommended way: backup old installation (if you can't stand a complete loss), reinstall from scratch using current Raspbian image.

Manual

The manual procedure: uninstall all below mentioned packages and then autoremove and cross fingers:

sudo su -
/etc/init.d/cowrie stop
dpkg --remove python-crypto
dpkg --remove python-gmpy
dpkg --remove python-gmpy2
dpkg --remove python-mysqldb
dpkg --remove python-pip
dpkg --remove python-pyasn1
dpkg --remove python-twisted
dpkg --remove python-virtualenv
dpkg --remove python-zope.interface
apt-get autoremove
apt-get update
apt-get dist-upgrade

Automatic

The "automatic" brutal procedure (chances to break your system are VERY high, but hey, it's a disposable honeypot anyway ...): backup (if needed), uninstall all Python distro packages (and hope that's it):

sudo su -
/etc/init.d/cowrie stop
for PKG in `dpkg --list | grep python- | cut -d " " -f 3 | grep "^python"` ; do echo "uninstalling ${PKG}"; dpkg --force-depends --purge ${PKG}; done
apt-get update
apt-get -f install
apt-get dist-upgrade
apt-get autoremove
apt-get update
apt-get dist-upgrade

Hints

How to place the dshield sensor / honeypot

This dshield sensor and honeypot is meant to only analyze Internet related traffic, i.e. traffic which is issued from public IP addresses:

this is due to how the dshield project works (collection of information about the current state of the Internet)
only in this way information which is interesting for the Internet security community can be gathered
only in this way it can be ensured that no internal, non-public information is leaked from your Pi to Dshield

So you must place the Pi on a network where it can be exposed to the Internet (and won't be connected to from the inner networks, except for administrative tasks). For a maximum sensor benefit it is desirable that the Pi is exposed to the whole traffic the Internet routes to a public IP (and not only selected ports).

For SoHo users there is normally an option in the DSL or cable router to direct all traffic from the public IP the router is using (i.e. has been assigned by the ISP) to an internal IP. This has to be the Pi. This feature is named e.g. "exposed host", "DMZ" (here you may have to enable further configuration to ensure all traffic is being routed to the Pi's internal IP address and not only e.g. port 80).

For enterprises a protected DMZ would be a suitable place (protected: if the sensor / honeypot is hacked this incident is contained and doesn't affect other hosts in the DMZ). Please be aware that - if using static IPs - you're exposing attacks / scans to your IP to the dhshield project and the community which can be tracked via whois to your company.

To test your set up you may use a public port scanner and point it to the router's public IP (which is then internally forwarded to the Pi). This port scan should be directly visible in /var/log/dshield.log and later in your online report accessible via your dshield account. Use only for quick and limited testing purposes, please, so that dhshield data isn't falsified.

Navigating in Forms

RETURN: submit the form (OK)
ESC: exit the form (Cancel)
cursor up / down: navigate through form / between input fields
cursor left / right: navigate within an input field
TAB: swich between input field and "buttons"
don't use Pos 1 / End

Todos

see comments in install.sh
provide a script to update all Python packages to most recent version using pip
configure a default web server and submit logs to DShield
enable other honeypot ports than ssh
do all the user input stuff at the beginning of the script so it will run the long lasting stuff afterwards
create update script
move tools (e.g. status.sh) into /srv directory structure
many other stuff :)

Changelog

see comments in install.sh
see GIT commit comments

DEV Instance - web.py and sitecopy.py

sitecopy.py will copy any site serve up the site in using the web.py script just use:

python sitecopy.py http://www.yoursite.com

It will not change the links at this time - to do
Any data posted or user request strings will be logged to DB\webserver.sqlite

web.py - do not need to run sitecopy however it will serve up a very basic page that can accept input and files. Todo:

Need to figure out how to serve up vulnerable pages - probably from the path
SQL Injection - will likely use separate dorked database
Would like to integrate with cowrie for shell attacks - (BHAG)

Any input appreciated - Please file a bug report / issue vai github - thanks!

Slack group invite link: https://www.dshield.org/slack/

xme/dshield