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MUMmer is a versatile alignment tool for DNA and protein sequences. To install the software, download the latest release and follow the installation instructions.
NOTE
Further documentation is in the docs directory. Please refer to the INSTALL.md file for installation instructions.
MUMmer is a system for rapidly aligning DNA and protein sequences. The nucmer aligner in the current version (release 4.x) can align two mammalian genomes in about 3 hours on a typical 32+ core workstation with 64+Gb RAM; smaller genomes such as bacteria or small eukaryotes are aligned in seconds or minutes. The promer utility generates alignments based upon the six-frame translations of both input sequences. promer permits the alignment of genomes for which the proteins are similar but the DNA sequence is too divergent to detect similarity. See the nucmer and promer readme files in the "docs/" subdirectory for more details. MUMmer is open source, and we ask that you cite our most recent paper in any publications that use this system:
(The latest Version 4.x citation)
Marçais G, Delcher AL, Phillippy AM, Coston R, Salzberg SL, Zimin A. MUMmer4: A fast and versatile genome alignment system. PLoS computational biology. 2018 Jan 26;14(1):e1005944.
(Version 3.x citation)
Kurtz S, Phillippy A, Delcher AL, Smoot M, Shumway M, Antonescu C, Salzberg SL. Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Genome biology. 2004 Jan 1;5(2):R12.
(Version 2.1 citation)
Delcher AL, Phillippy A, Carlton J, Salzberg SL. Fast algorithms for large-scale genome alignment and comparison. Nucleic acids research. 2002 Jun 1;30(11):2478-83.
(Version 1.0 citation)
Delcher AL, Kasif S, Fleischmann RD, Peterson J, White O, Salzberg SL. Alignment of whole genomes. Nucleic acids research. 1999 Jan 1;27(11):2369-76.
MUMmer4.x is comprised of many various utilities
and scripts. For most alignment tasks, the programs nucmer, and
promer will be all that is needed. See their descriptions in the
"RUNNING THE NUCMER and THE PROMER" section, or refer to their individual
documentation in the "docs/" subdirectory. Refer to the "RUNNING THE
MUMmer UTILITIES" section for a brief description of all of the
utilities in this directory.
Given a file containing a single reference sequence (ref.fa) in FASTA format and another file containing multiple sequences in FastA format (qry.fa) type the following at the command line:
./nucmer -p <prefix> ref.fa qry.fa
To produce the following file:
<prefix>.delta
To see the alignment coordinates, type:
show-coords <prefix>.delta > <prefix>.coords
To plot the alignments, if you have gnuplot installed, run
the perl script mummerplot on the output files. This script can be run
on mummer output (.out), or nucmer/promer output (.delta).
./mummerplot -l <prefix>.delta
Please read the utility-specific documentation in the "docs/" subdirectory for descriptions of these files and information on how to change the alignment parameters for the scripts (minimum match length, etc.), or see the notes below in the "RUNNING THE NUCMER AND THE PROMER" section for a brief explanation.
Two main executables in MUMmer are nucmer and promer. nucmer is designed for DNA sequence alignment and proteing is designed for protein or translated sequence alignment
Description:
nucmer is for the all-vs-all comparison of nucleotide sequences
contained in multi-Fasta data files. It is best used for
similar sequences that may have large rearrangements. Common use
cases are: comparing two genome assemblies,
mapping an assembly or sequencing reads to a finished genome, and
comparing two genomes of related species that may have large
rearrangements and duplications. Please refer to "docs/nucmer.README"
for more information regarding this script and its output, or type
nucmer -h for a list of its options.
USAGE:
nucmer [options] <reference> <query>
[options] type 'nucmer -h' for a list of options.
<reference> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains
the reference sequences, to be aligned with the queries.
<query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains
the query sequences, to be aligned with the references.
OUTPUT:
out.delta the delta encoded alignments between the reference and
query sequences. This file can be parsed with any of
the show-* programs which are described in the "RUNNING
THE MUMmer UTILITIES" section.
Notes:
All output coordinates reference the forward strand of the involved sequence, regardless of the match direction. Also, nucmer now uses only matches that are unique in the reference sequence by default, use the '--mum' or '--maxmatch' options to change this behavior.
Description:
promer is for the protein level, all-vs-all comparison of nucleotide
sequences contained in multi-FastA data files. The nucleotide input
files are translated in all 6 reading frames and then aligned to one
another via the same methods as nucmer. It is best used for highly
divergent sequences that may have moderate to high similarity on the
protein level. Common use cases are: identifying syntenic regions
between highly divergent genomes, comparative genome annotation i.e.
using an already annotated genome to help in the annotation of a
newly sequenced genome, and the general comparison of two fairly
divergent genomes that have large rearrangements and may only be
similar on the protein level. Please refer to "docs/promer.README"
for more information regarding this script and its output, or type
promer -h for a list of its options.
USAGE:
promer [options] <reference> <query>
[options] type 'promer -h' for a list of options.
<reference> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains
the reference sequences, to be aligned with the queries.
<query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains
the query sequences, to be aligned with the references.
OUTPUT:
out.delta the delta encoded alignments between the reference and
query sequences. This file can be parsed with any of
the show-* programs which are described in the "RUNNING
THE MUMmer UTILITIES" section.
Notes:
All output coordinates reference the forward strand of the involved sequence, regardless of the match direction, and are measured in nucleotides with the exception of the delta integers which are measured in amino acids (1 delta int = 3 nucleotides). Also, promer now uses only matches that are unique in the reference sequence by default, use the '--mum' or '--maxmatch' options to change this behavior.
Notes:
All output coordinates reference their respective strand. This means that for all reverse matches, the coordinates that reference the query sequence will be relative to the reverse complement of the query sequence. Please use nucmer or promer if this coordinate system is confusing.
Description:
This script is a wrapper around nucmer that builds an alignment using default parameters, and runs many of nucmer's helper scripts to process the output and report alignment statistics, SNPs, breakpoints, etc. It is designed for evaluating the sequence and structural similarity of two highly similar sequence sets. E.g. comparing two different assemblies of the same organism, or comparing two strains of the same species. Please refer to "docs/dnadiff.README" for more information regarding this script and its output, or type 'dnadiff -h' for a list of its options.
USAGE: dnadiff [options] <reference> <query>
or dnadiff [options] -d <delta file>
<reference> Set the input reference multi-FASTA filename
<query> Set the input query multi-FASTA filename
or
<delta file> Unfiltered .delta alignment file from nucmer
OUTPUT:
.report - Summary of alignments, differences and SNPs
.delta - Standard nucmer alignment output
.1delta - 1-to-1 alignment from delta-filter -1
.mdelta - M-to-M alignment from delta-filter -m
.1coords - 1-to-1 coordinates from show-coords -THrcl .1delta
.mcoords - M-to-M coordinates from show-coords -THrcl .mdelta
.snps - SNPs from show-snps -rlTHC .1delta
.rdiff - Classified ref breakpoints from show-diff -rH .mdelta
.qdiff - Classified qry breakpoints from show-diff -qH .mdelta
.unref - Unaligned reference IDs and lengths (if applicable)
.unqry - Unaligned query IDs and lengths (if applicable)
Notes:
The report file generated by this script can be useful for comparing the differences between two similar genomes or assemblies. The other outputs generated by this script are in unlabeled tabular format, so please refer to the utility specific documentation for interpreting them. A full description of the report file is given in "docs/dnadiff.README".
The MUMmer package consists of various utilities that can interact with
the mummer program. mummer performs all maximal and maximal unique
matching, and all other utilities were designed to process the input and
output of this program and its related scripts, in order to extract
additional information from the output. Listed below are the descriptions
and usage definitions for these utilities.
Description:
This program reads the output of the gaps program and adds alignment
information to it. Part of the original MUMmer1.0 pipeline and can
only be used on the output of the gaps program.
USAGE:
annotate <gapsfile> <seq2>
<gapsfile> the output of the 'gaps' program.
<seq2> the file containing the second sequence in the comparison.
OUTPUT:
stdout the 'gaps' output interspersed with the alignments of
the gaps between adjacent MUMs. An alignment of a
gap comes after the second MUM defining the gap, and
alignment errors are marked with a '^' character.
witherrors.gaps the 'gaps' output with an appended column that lists
the number of alignment errors for each gap.
Notes:
This program will eventually be dropped in favor of the combineMUMs or nucmer match extenders, but persists for the time being.
Description:
This program reads the output of the mgaps program and adds alignment
information to it. Part of the MUMmer4.x pipeline and can only be
used on the output of the mgaps program. This -D option alters this
behavior and only outputs the positions of difference, e.g. SNPs.
USAGE:
combineMUMs [options] <reference> <query> <mgapsfile>
[options] type 'combineMUMs -h' for a list of options.
<reference> the FastA reference file used in the comparison.
<query> the multi-FastA reference file used in the comparison.
<mgapsfile> the output of the 'mgaps' program run on the match
list produced by 'mummer' for the reference and query
files.
OUTPUT:
stdout the 'mgaps' output interspersed with the alignments
of the gaps between adjacent MUMs. An alignment of a
gap comes after the second MUM defining the gap, and
alignment errors are marked with a '^' character. At
the end of each cluster is a summary line (keyword
"Region") noting the bounds of the cluster in the
reference and query sequences, the total number of
errors for the region, the length of the region and
the percent error of the region.
witherrors.gaps the 'mgaps' output with an appended column that lists
the number of alignment errors for each gap.
Description:
This program filters a delta alignment file produced by either nucmer or promer, leaving only the desired alignments which are output to stdout in the same delta format as the input. Its primary function is the LIS algorithm which calculates the longest increasing subset of alignments. This allows for the calculation of a global set of alignments (i.e. 1-to-1 and mutually consistent order) with the -g option or locally consistent with -1 or -m. Reference sequences can be mapped to query sequences with -r, or queries to references with -q. This allows the user to exclude chance and repeat induced alignments, leaving only the "best" alignments between the two data sets. Filtering can also be performed on length, identity, and uniquenes.
USAGE:
delta-filter [options] <deltafile>
[options] type 'delta-filter -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer.
OUTPUT:
stdout The same delta alignment format as output by nucmer and promer.
Notes:
For most cases the -m option is recommended, however -1 is useful for applications that require a 1-to-1 mapping, such as SNP finding. Use the -q option for mapping query contigs to their best reference location.
Description:
This script finds exact tandem repeats in a specified FastA sequence
file. It is a post-processor for repeat-match and provides a simple
interface and output for tandem repeat detection.
USAGE:
exact-tandems <file> <min match>
<file> the single sequence in FastA format to search for repeats.
<min match> the minimum match length for the tandems.
OUTPUT:
stdout 4 columns, the start of the tandem repeat, the total extent
of the repeat region, the length of each repetitive unit, and
to total copies of the repetitive unit involved.
Description:
This program reads a list of matches between a single-FastA reference
and a multi-FastA query file and outputs clusters of matches that lie
on similar diagonals and within a reasonable distance. Part of the
MUMmer4.x pipeline and the output of mummer need not be processed
before passing it to this program, so long as mummer was run on a
1-vs-many or 1-vs-1 dataset.
USAGE:
mgaps [options] < <matchlist>
[options] type 'mgaps -h' for a list of options.
<matchlist> A list of matches separated by their sequence FastA tags.
The columns of the match list should be start in
reference, start in query, and length of the match.
OUTPUT:
stdout An ordered set of the input matches, separated by headers.
Individual clusters are separated by a '#' character and
sets of clusters from different sequences are separated by
the FastA header tag for the query sequence.
Notes:
It is often very helpful to adjust the clustering parameters. Check
mgaps -h for the list of parameters and check the source for a
better idea of how each parameter affects the result. Often, it is
helpful to run this program a number of times with different
parameters until the desired result is achieved.
Description:
This is the core program of the MUMmer package. It is the suffix-tree
based match finding routine, and the main part of every MUMmer script.
For a detailed manual describing how to use this program, please refer
to "docs/maxmat3man.pdf" or in LaTeX format "docs/maxmat3man.tex". By
default, mummer now finds maximal matches regardless of their
uniqueness. Limiting the output to only unique matches can be specified
as a command line switch.
USAGE:
mummer [options] <reference> <query> ...
[options] type 'mummer -help' for a list of options.
<reference> specifies the single or multi-FastA sequence file that
contains the reference sequence(s), to be aligned with
the queries.
<query> specifies the multi-FastA sequence file that contains
the query sequences, to be aligned with the references.
Multiple query files are allowed, up to 32.
OUTPUT:
stdout a list of exact matches. Varies depending on input, refer to
the manual specified in the description above.
Notes:
Many thanks to Stefan Kurtz for the latest mummer version. mummer
now behaves like the old mummer2 program by default. The -mum switch
forces it to behave like mummer1, the -mumreference switch forces it
to behave like mummer2 while the -maxmatch switch forces it to behave
like the old max-match program.
Description:
mummerplot is a perl script that generates gnuplot scripts and data
collections for plotting with the gnuplot utility. It can generate
2-d dotplots and 1-d coverage plots for the output of mummer, nucmer,
promer or show-tiling. It can also color dotplots with an identity
color gradient.
USAGE:
mummerplot [options] <matchfile>
[options] type 'mummerplot -h' for a list of options.
<matchfile> the output of 'mummer', 'nucmer', 'promer', or
'show-tiling'. 'mummerplot' will automatically determine
the format of the data it was given and produce the plot
accordingly.
OUTPUT:
out.gp The gnuplot script, type 'gnuplot out.gp' to evaluate the
the gnuplot script.
out.fplot
out.rplot
out.hplot The forward, reverse and highlighted match information for
plotting with gnuplot.
out.ps
out.png The plotted image file, postscript or png depending on the
selected terminal type.
Notes:
For alignments with multiple reference or query sequences, be sure to use the -r -q or -R -Q options to avoid overlaying multiple plots in the same space. For better looking color gradient plots, try the postscript terminal and avoid the png terminal.
Description:
Script for plotting nucmer hits against a reference sequence. See top
of script for more information, or see if mummerplot or mapview
has the functionality required as they are properly maintained.
Description:
Finds exact repeats within a single sequence.
USAGE:
repeat-match [options] <seq>
[options] type 'repeat-match -h' for a list of options.
<seq> the single sequence in FastA format to search for repeats.
OUTPUT:
stdout 3 columns, the start of the first copy of the repeat, the
start of the second copy of the repeat, and the length of the
repeat respectively.
Notes:
REPuter (freely available for universities) may be better suited for
most repeat matching, but repeat-match is open-source and has some
functionality that REPuter does not so we include it along with the
MUMmer package.
Description:
This program parses the delta alignment output of nucmer and promer and displays all of the pairwise alignments from the two sequences specified on the command line.
USAGE:
show-aligns [options] <deltafile> <IdR> <IdQ>
[options] type 'show-aligns -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer.
<IdR> the FastA header tag of the desired reference sequence.
<IdQ> the FastA header tag of the desired query sequence.
OUTPUT:
stdout each alignment header and footer describes the frame of the
alignment in each sequence, and the start and finish
(inclusive) of the alignment in each sequence. At the
beginning of each line of aligned sequence are two numbers, the
top is the coordinate of the first reference base on that line
and the bottom is the coordinate of the first query base on
that line. ALL coordinates reference the forward strand of the
DNA sequence, even if it is a protein alignment. A gap caused
by an insertion or deletion is filled with a '.' character.
Errors in a DNA alignment are marked with a '^' below the
error. Errors in an amino acid alignment are marked with a
whitespace in the middle consensus line, while matches are
marked with the consensus base and similarities are marked with
a '+' in the consensus line.
Description:
This program parses the delta alignment output of nucmer and promer and displays the coordinates, and other useful information about the alignments.
USAGE:
show-coords [options] <deltafile>
[options] type 'show-coords -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer.
OUTPUT:
stdout run 'show-coords' without the -H option to see the column
header tags. Here is a description of each tag. Note that
some of the below tags do not apply to nucmer data, and that
all coordinates are inclusive and relative to the forward DNA
strand.
[S1] Start of the alignment region in the reference sequence.
[E1] End of the alignment region in the reference sequence.
[S2] Start of the alignment region in the query sequence.
[E2] End of the alignment region in the query sequence.
[LEN 1] Length of the alignment region in the reference sequence,
measured in nucleotides.
[LEN 2] Length of the alignment region in the query sequence, measured
in nucleotides.
[% IDY] Percent identity of the alignment, calculated as the
(number of exact matches) / ([LEN 1] + insertions in the query).
[% SIM] Percent similarity of the alignment, calculated like the above
value, but counting positive BLOSUM matrix scores instead of exact
matches.
[% STP] Percent of stop codons of the alignment, calculated as
(number of stop codons) / (([LEN 1] + insertions in the query) * 2).
[LEN R] Length of the reference sequence.
[LEN Q] Length of the query sequence.
[COV R] Percent coverage of the alignment on the reference sequence,
calculated as [LEN 1] / [LEN R].
[COV Q] Percent coverage of the alignment on the query sequence,
calculated as [LEN 2] / [LEN Q].
[FRM] Reading frame for the reference sequence and the reading frame
for the query sequence respectively. This is one of the columns
absent from the nucmer data, however, match direction can easily be
determined by the start and end coordinates.
[TAGS] The reference FastA ID and the query FastA ID.
There is also an optional final column (turned on with the -w
or -o option) that will contain some 'annotations'. The -o option will
annotate alignments that represent overlaps between two sequences,
while the -w option is antiquated and should no longer be used.
Sometimes, nucmer or promer will extend adjacent clusters past one
another, thus causing a somewhat redundant output, this option will
notify users of such rare occurrences.
Notes:
The -c and -l options are useful when comparing two sets of assembly contigs, in that these options help determine if an alignment spans an entire contig, or is just a partial hit to a different read. The -b option is useful when the user wishes to identify sytenic regions between two genomes, but is not particularly interested in the actual alignment similarity or appearance. This option also disregards match orientation, so should not be used if this information is needed.
Description:
This program classifies alignment breakpoints for the quantification of macroscopic differences between two genomes. It takes a standard, unfiltered delta file as input, determines the best mapping between the two sequence sets, and reports on the breaks in that mapping.
USAGE:
show-diff [options] <deltafile>
[options] type 'show-diff -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from nucmer
OUTPUT:
stdout Classified breakpoints are output one per line with
the following types and column definitions. The first
five columns of every row are seq ID, feature type,
feature start, feature end, and feature length.
Feature Columns
IDR GAP gap-start gap-end gap-length-R gap-length-Q gap-diff
IDR DUP dup-start dup-end dup-length
IDR BRK gap-start gap-end gap-length
IDR JMP gap-start gap-end gap-length
IDR INV gap-start gap-end gap-length
IDR SEQ gap-start gap-end gap-length prev-sequence next-sequence
Feature Types
[GAP] A gap between two mutually consistent ordered and
oriented alignments. gap-length-R is the length of the
alignment gap in the reference, gap-length-Q is the length of
the alignment gap in the query, and gap-diff is the difference
between the two gap lengths. If gap-diff is positive, sequence
has been inserted in the reference. If gap-diff is negative,
sequence has been deleted from the reference. If both
gap-length-R and gap-length-Q are negative, the indel is
tandem duplication copy difference.
[DUP] A duplicated sequence in the reference that occurs more
times in the reference than in the query. The coordinate
columns specify the bounds and length of the
duplication. These features are often bookended by BRK
features if there is unique sequence bounding the duplication.
[BRK] An insertion in the reference of unknown origin, that
indicates no query sequence aligns to the sequence bounded by
gap-start and gap-end. Often found around DUP elements or at
the beginning or end of sequences.
[JMP] A relocation event, where the consistent ordering of
alignments is disrupted. The coordinate columns specify the
breakpoints of the relocation in the reference, and the
gap-length between them. A negative gap-length indicates the
relocation occurred around a repetitive sequence, and a
positive length indicates unique sequence between the
alignments.
[INV] The same as a relocation event, however both the
ordering and orientation of the alignments is disrupted. Note
that for JMP and INV, generally two features will be output,
one for the beginning of the inverted region, and another for
the end of the inverted region.
[SEQ] A translocation event that requires jumping to a new
query sequence in order to continue aligning to the
reference. If each input sequence is a chromosome, these
features correspond to inter-chromosomal translocations.
Notes:
The estimated number of features, take inversions for example, represents the number of breakpoints classified as bordering an inversion. Therefore, since there will be a breakpoint at both the beginning and the end of an inversion, the feature counts are roughly double the number of inversion events. In addition, all counts are estimates and do not represent the exact number of each evolutionary event.
Summing the fifth column (ignoring negative values) yeilds an
estimate of the total inserted sequence in the
reference. Summing the fifth column after removing DUP
features yields an estimate of the total amount of unique
(unaligned) sequence in the reference. Note that unaligned
sequences are not counted, and could represent additional
"unique" sequences. Use the dnadiff script if you must
recover this information. Finally, the -q option switches
references for queries, and uses the query coordinates for the
analysis.
Description:
This program reports polymorphism contained in a delta encoded alignment file output by either nucmer or promer. It catalogs all of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions within the delta file alignments. Polymorphisms are reported one per line, in a delimited fashion similar to show-coords. Pairing this program with the appropriate MUMmer tools can create an easy to use SNP pipeline for the rapid identification of putative SNPs between any two sequence sets.
USAGE:
show-snps [options] <deltafile>
[options] type 'show-snps -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer.
OUTPUT:
stdout Standard output has column headers with the following
meanings. Not all columns will be output by default,
see 'show-snps -h' for switch to control the output.
[P1] SNP position in the reference.
[SUB] Character in the reference.
[SUB] Character in the query.
[P2] SNP position in the query.
[BUFF] Distance from this SNP to the nearest mismatch (end of
alignment, indel, SNP, etc) in the same alignment.
[DIST] Distance from this SNP to the nearest sequence end.
[R] Number of repeat alignments which cover this reference
position, >0 means repetitive sequence.
[Q] Number of repeat alignments which cover this query
position, >0 means repetitive sequence.
[LEN R] Length of the reference sequence.
[LEN Q] Length of the query sequence.
[CTX R] Surrounding context sequence in the reference.
[CTX Q] Surrounding context sequence in the query.
[FRM] Reading frame for the reference sequence and the
reading frame for the query sequence respectively. Simply
'forward' 1, or 'reverse' -1 for nucmer data.
[TAGS] The reference FastA ID and the query FastA ID.
Notes:
It is often helpful to run this with the -C option to assure reported SNPs are only reported from uniquely aligned regions.
Description:
This program attempts to construct a tiling path out of the query
contigs as mapped to the reference sequences. Given the delta
alignment information of a few long reference sequences and many small
query contigs, show-tiling will determine the best location on a
reference for each contig. Note that each contig may only be tiled
once, so repetitive regions may cause this program some difficulty.
This program is useful for aiding in the scaffolding and closure of an
unfinished set of contigs, if a suitable, high similarity, reference
genome is available. Or, if using promer, show-tiling will help
in the identification of syntenic regions and their contig's mapping
the the references.
USAGE:
show-tiling [options] <deltafile>
[options] type 'show-tiling -h' for a list of options.
<deltafile> the .delta output file from either nucmer or promer.
OUTPUT:
stdout Standard output has 8 columns: start in reference, end in
reference, gap between this contig and the next, length of this
contig, alignment coverage of this contig, average percent
identity of the alignments for this contig, orientation of this
contig, contig ID. All matches to a reference are headed by the
FASTA tag of that reference. Output with the -a option is the
same as 'show-coords -cl' when run on nucmer data.
Notes:
When run with the -x option, show-tiling will produce an XML output
format that can be accepted by TIGR's open source scaffolding software
'Bambus' as contig linking information.
The programs mapview, run-mummer1, run-mummer3 and nucmer2xfig
are now obsolete. The original documentation is still available in
OBSOLETE.md.
Please address questions and bug reports via the github issue tracker.